{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2960835411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19143070","title":"Time-Series-Based Leakage Detection Using Multiple Pressure Sensors in Water Distribution Systems","display_name":"Time-Series-Based Leakage Detection Using Multiple Pressure Sensors in Water Distribution Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2960835411","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19143070","mag":"2960835411","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31336795"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19143070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19143070","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/14/3070/pdf?version=1562914967","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/14/3070/pdf?version=1562914967","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112112235","display_name":"Yu Shao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2435-5618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2435-5618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353696","display_name":"Xin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5898-5461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5898-5461","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027381706","display_name":"Tuqiao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2632-2369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuqiao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063905569","display_name":"Shipeng Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2678-992X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shipeng Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390763","display_name":"Xiaowei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4013-7197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31847773","display_name":"Zhejiang Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mys6533","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31847773"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","Institute of Water Resources &amp; Ocean Engineering, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4013-7197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Water Resources &amp; Ocean Engineering, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773","https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100390763"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31847773","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.414,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87441507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"14","first_page":"3070","last_page":"3070"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14189","display_name":"Intravenous Infusion Technology and Safety","score":0.9549000263214111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.6531465649604797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.4967659115791321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pressure-sensor","display_name":"Pressure sensor","score":0.4279625713825226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4102243483066559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3738950490951538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28650426864624023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12370863556861877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.10488840937614441}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6531465649604797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.4967659115791321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41325743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261040","display_name":"Pressure sensor","level":2,"score":0.4279625713825226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4102243483066559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3738950490951538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28650426864624023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12370863556861877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10488840937614441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19143070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19143070","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/14/3070/pdf?version=1562914967","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31336795","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31336795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:24b69af286ea49daae2aa14a8a15d137","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/24b69af286ea49daae2aa14a8a15d137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 14, p 3070 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5648886","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6678736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/14/3070/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143070","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19143070","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19143070","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/14/3070/pdf?version=1562914967","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1215912030","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Nos.2017C33174 and 2015C33007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1995988997","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFC0400600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2350953751","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51761145022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2745814368","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 2016YFC0400600","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3818061617","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 51761145022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G383191369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017ZX07502003-05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4931445266","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017C33174 and 2015C33007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5769967316","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Nos.2017C33174 and 2015C33007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G782407853","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015C33007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338469","display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2960835411.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2960835411.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W59826130","https://openalex.org/W1907913712","https://openalex.org/W1991429615","https://openalex.org/W1997519361","https://openalex.org/W2013369534","https://openalex.org/W2018232957","https://openalex.org/W2019406172","https://openalex.org/W2022961991","https://openalex.org/W2040917251","https://openalex.org/W2045618045","https://openalex.org/W2047709190","https://openalex.org/W2048523204","https://openalex.org/W2056676139","https://openalex.org/W2059452359","https://openalex.org/W2070966459","https://openalex.org/W2076751630","https://openalex.org/W2085063082","https://openalex.org/W2098567301","https://openalex.org/W2119437062","https://openalex.org/W2121521319","https://openalex.org/W2141130775","https://openalex.org/W2145114963","https://openalex.org/W2148608678","https://openalex.org/W2158063169","https://openalex.org/W2164487011","https://openalex.org/W2171901943","https://openalex.org/W2195290284","https://openalex.org/W2319335190","https://openalex.org/W2322041393","https://openalex.org/W2322925303","https://openalex.org/W2324966761","https://openalex.org/W2326425082","https://openalex.org/W2333824085","https://openalex.org/W2432689985","https://openalex.org/W2614566291","https://openalex.org/W2766545811","https://openalex.org/W2769591818","https://openalex.org/W2770048541","https://openalex.org/W2884806384","https://openalex.org/W2890033466","https://openalex.org/W2901754334","https://openalex.org/W4256376053"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Leak":[0],"detection":[1,187],"is":[2,46,72,130,139,190],"nowadays":[3],"an":[4],"important":[5],"task":[6],"for":[7,63,90,115,185],"water":[8,13,23,145],"utilities":[9],"as":[10,29,198],"leakages":[11],"in":[12],"distribution":[14,146],"systems":[15],"(WDS)":[16],"increase":[17],"economic":[18],"costs":[19],"significantly":[20],"and":[21,31,111,156,162,200],"create":[22],"resource":[24],"shortages.":[25],"Monitoring":[26],"data":[27,45,71,84,100],"such":[28,197],"pressure":[30,103],"flow":[32,158],"rate":[33],"of":[34,83,122,135,154,175,182],"WDS":[35],"fluctuate":[36],"with":[37],"time.":[38],"Diagnosis":[39],"based":[40,67,74,86],"on":[41,68,75,87,127,141],"time":[42,69,88,118,124,172],"series":[43,70,89],"monitoring":[44],"thought":[47],"to":[48,79],"be":[49],"more":[50],"convincing":[51],"than":[52],"one-time":[53],"point":[54],"data.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"paper,":[58],"a":[59,116,142],"threshold":[60,107,128],"selection":[61,129],"method":[62,138,184],"the":[64,81,106,136,152,170,180,183],"correlation":[65,98],"coefficient":[66],"proposed":[73,137],"leak":[76,91,157,186],"scenario":[77],"falsification,":[78],"explore":[80],"advantages":[82],"interpretation":[85],"detection.":[92],"The":[93,120,133,165],"approach":[94],"utilizes":[95],"temporal":[96],"varying":[97],"between":[99],"from":[101],"multiple":[102,113],"sensors,":[104],"updates":[105],"values":[108],"over":[109],"time,":[110],"scans":[112],"times":[114],"scanning":[117,123,171],"window.":[119],"effect":[121],"window":[125,173],"length":[126,174],"also":[131],"tested.":[132],"performance":[134,188],"tested":[140],"real,":[143],"full-scale":[144],"network":[147],"using":[148],"synthetic":[149],"data,":[150],"considering":[151],"uncertainty":[153],"demand":[155],"rates,":[159],"sensor":[160],"noise,":[161],"so":[163],"forth.":[164],"case":[166],"study":[167],"shows":[168],"that":[169],"3-6":[176],"achieves":[177],"better":[178],"performance;":[179],"potential":[181],"improvement":[189],"confirmed,":[191],"though":[192],"affected":[193],"by":[194],"many":[195],"factors":[196],"modeling":[199],"measurement":[201],"uncertainties.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
