{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2955518678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19132964","title":"A Novel Deep-Learning-Based Bug Severity Classification Technique Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Random Forest with Boosting","display_name":"A Novel Deep-Learning-Based Bug Severity Classification Technique Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Random Forest with Boosting","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2955518678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19132964","mag":"2955518678","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31284398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19132964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19132964","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/13/2964/pdf?version=1608025338","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/13/2964/pdf?version=1608025338","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028338674","display_name":"Ashima Kukkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7664-1005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153954893","display_name":"Jaypee University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hshrf16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153954893"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashima Kukkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173 234, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173 234, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153954893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101693779","display_name":"Rajni Mohana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2998-490X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153954893","display_name":"Jaypee University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hshrf16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153954893"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajni Mohana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173 234, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173 234, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153954893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091880648","display_name":"Anand Nayyar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9821-6146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170238339","display_name":"Duy Tan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ezss144","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170238339"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anand Nayyar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170238339"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090162432","display_name":"Jeamin Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeamin Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ICT Convergence Rehabilitation Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ICT Convergence Rehabilitation Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034170126","display_name":"Byeong-Gwon Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1200-2308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24541011","display_name":"Soonchunhyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjsrb10","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Byeong-Gwon Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033056152","display_name":"Naveen Chilamkurti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5396-8897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naveen Chilamkurti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and IT, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and IT, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034170126"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24541011"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":15.834,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":84,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98995305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"13","first_page":"2964","last_page":"2964"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.982699990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9638000130653381,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.8269904851913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.7225472927093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7143301963806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6791969537734985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.62824946641922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5909467935562134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiclass-classification","display_name":"Multiclass classification","score":0.5399636626243591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5207176804542542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5020370483398438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triage","display_name":"Triage","score":0.4655865728855133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.4344669282436371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.37938421964645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3510385751724243}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.8269904851913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.7225472927093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7143301963806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6791969537734985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.62824946641922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5909467935562134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.5399636626243591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5207176804542542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5020370483398438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777120189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780067","display_name":"Triage","level":2,"score":0.4655865728855133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.4344669282436371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.37938421964645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3510385751724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19132964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19132964","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/13/2964/pdf?version=1608025338","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31284398","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31284398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a04c2b63cb934ab882796b402354bb4c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a04c2b63cb934ab882796b402354bb4c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 13, p 2964 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/13/2964/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19132964","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6651582","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6651582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19132964","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19132964","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/13/2964/pdf?version=1608025338","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6544707607","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N0001791","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322064","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322064","display_name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/015w1qa96"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2955518678.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2955518678.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W124631940","https://openalex.org/W1544547375","https://openalex.org/W1567302070","https://openalex.org/W2004993094","https://openalex.org/W2017439596","https://openalex.org/W2021946892","https://openalex.org/W2026750231","https://openalex.org/W2090107050","https://openalex.org/W2101726875","https://openalex.org/W2102193394","https://openalex.org/W2146335723","https://openalex.org/W2153216417","https://openalex.org/W2155173537","https://openalex.org/W2290968742","https://openalex.org/W2295703381","https://openalex.org/W2296444013","https://openalex.org/W2326180695","https://openalex.org/W2442359302","https://openalex.org/W2541827948","https://openalex.org/W2556605533","https://openalex.org/W2566781703","https://openalex.org/W2591051531","https://openalex.org/W2597866042","https://openalex.org/W2738866524","https://openalex.org/W2766272105","https://openalex.org/W2770227012","https://openalex.org/W2770456481","https://openalex.org/W2786388277","https://openalex.org/W2789643644","https://openalex.org/W2794821752","https://openalex.org/W2795399733","https://openalex.org/W2795659925","https://openalex.org/W2807010072","https://openalex.org/W2886714101","https://openalex.org/W2887220169","https://openalex.org/W2909301843","https://openalex.org/W2911752231","https://openalex.org/W2914238755","https://openalex.org/W4231109964","https://openalex.org/W4233907265","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6701379130","https://openalex.org/W6727838305"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2073883415","https://openalex.org/W4300235460","https://openalex.org/W2592003259","https://openalex.org/W2964269045","https://openalex.org/W1558422673","https://openalex.org/W4376528628","https://openalex.org/W2924823884","https://openalex.org/W1537592868","https://openalex.org/W2470590370","https://openalex.org/W3011239835"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,15,85,196,213,234],"accurate":[1],"severity":[2,61,83,119,182,194,207,232,247],"classification":[3,120,124,248],"of":[4,12,62,81,87,180,199,208,216,245],"a":[5,63,112,131],"bug":[6,13,16,22,32,44,51,64,69,82,158,193,246],"report":[7,65,159],"is":[8,56,90,164,203],"an":[9,39],"important":[10,102,177],"aspect":[11],"fixing.":[14],"reports":[17],"are":[18],"submitted":[19],"into":[20],"the":[21,50,60,68,94,101,107,145,152,157,168,171,176,185,191,200,217,221,238,243,250],"tracking":[23],"system":[24],"with":[25,138,188],"high":[26],"speed,":[27],"and":[28,135,147,161,220,226],"owing":[29],"to":[30,58,66,93,125,166],"this,":[31],"repository":[33,45],"size":[34,46],"has":[35],"been":[36],"increasing":[37],"at":[38],"enormous":[40],"rate.":[41],"This":[42,109,141],"increased":[43],"introduces":[47],"biases":[48],"in":[49],"triage":[52],"process.":[53,71],"Therefore,":[54],"it":[55],"necessary":[57],"classify":[59],"balance":[67],"triaging":[70],"Previously,":[72],"many":[73],"machine":[74],"learning":[75,106,115],"models":[76,89],"were":[77,224],"proposed":[78,201,218,239],"for":[79,105,117],"automation":[80],"classification.":[84,233],"accuracy":[86,198],"these":[88,127],"not":[91,99],"up":[92],"mark":[95],"because":[96],"they":[97],"do":[98],"extract":[100,167],"feature":[103,178],"patterns":[104,179],"classifier.":[108],"paper":[110],"proposes":[111],"novel":[113],"deep":[114],"model":[116,142,202],"multiclass":[118,206],"called":[121],"Bug":[122],"Severity":[123],"address":[126],"challenges":[128],"by":[129],"using":[130],"Convolutional":[132,172],"Neural":[133,173],"Network":[134,174],"Random":[136],"forest":[137,187],"Boosting":[139],"(BCR).":[140],"directly":[143],"learns":[144],"latent":[146],"highly":[148],"representative":[149],"features.":[150,169],"Initially,":[151],"natural":[153],"language":[154],"techniques":[155],"preprocess":[156],"text,":[160],"then":[162],"n-gram":[163],"used":[165],"Further,":[170],"extracts":[175],"respective":[181],"classes.":[183,195],"Lastly,":[184],"random":[186],"boosting":[189],"classifies":[190],"multiple":[192],"average":[197,214],"96.34%":[204],"on":[205,229],"five":[209],"open":[210],"source":[211],"projects.":[212],"F-measures":[215],"BCR":[219,240],"existing":[222],"approach":[223,241],"96.43%":[225],"84.24%,":[227],"respectively,":[228],"binary":[230],"class":[231],"results":[235],"prove":[236],"that":[237],"enhances":[242],"performance":[244],"over":[249],"state-of-the-art":[251],"techniques.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}