{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2953460030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19122833","title":"Improving Optical Measurements: Non-Linearity Compensation of Compact Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Spectrometers","display_name":"Improving Optical Measurements: Non-Linearity Compensation of Compact Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Spectrometers","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2953460030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19122833","mag":"2953460030","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31242659"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19122833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19122833","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/12/2833/pdf?version=1561460524","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/12/2833/pdf?version=1561460524","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010520632","display_name":"M\u00fcnevver Nehir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1566-0592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34403800","display_name":"GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/02h2x0161","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I34403800"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00fcnevver Nehir","raw_affiliation_strings":["GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1566-0592","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34403800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031533354","display_name":"Carsten Frank","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-0319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139239","display_name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjp1d79","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210139239"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70451448","display_name":"HAW Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00fkqwx76","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70451448"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carsten Frank","raw_affiliation_strings":["HAW Hamburg, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany","Helmholtz Centre Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2146-0319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HAW Hamburg, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70451448"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helmholtz Centre Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139239"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085505138","display_name":"Steffen A\u00dfmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139239","display_name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon","ror":"https://ror.org/03qjp1d79","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I4210139239"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steffen A\u00dfmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Helmholtz Centre Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany","Kongsberg Maritime Contros GmbH, Wischhofstr. 1, 24148 Kiel, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helmholtz Centre Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139239"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kongsberg Maritime Contros GmbH, Wischhofstr. 1, 24148 Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068215732","display_name":"Eric P. Achterberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3061-2767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34403800","display_name":"GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/02h2x0161","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I34403800"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric P. Achterberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3061-2767","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34403800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068215732"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34403800"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.834,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82464298,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"12","first_page":"2833","last_page":"2833"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11890","display_name":"Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11111","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Laser Applications","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1607","display_name":"Spectroscopy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrometer","display_name":"Spectrometer","score":0.9066625833511353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.8704713582992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge-coupled-device","display_name":"Charge-coupled device","score":0.7578306198120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","score":0.6860024333000183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.6726832985877991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6515657901763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5526003241539001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-delay-and-integration","display_name":"Time delay and integration","score":0.5204727649688721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.5166745185852051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dark-current","display_name":"Dark current","score":0.4341370165348053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.43012186884880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3347875773906708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2701096832752228}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33390570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188463","display_name":"Spectrometer","level":2,"score":0.9066625833511353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.8704713582992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152213855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189880","display_name":"Charge-coupled device","level":2,"score":0.7578306198120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6860024333000183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6726832985877991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6515657901763916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5526003241539001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96566525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805282","display_name":"Time delay and integration","level":2,"score":0.5204727649688721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5166745185852051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180651308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1265973","display_name":"Dark current","level":3,"score":0.4341370165348053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.43012186884880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3347875773906708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2701096832752228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19122833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19122833","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/12/2833/pdf?version=1561460524","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31242659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31242659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:oceanrep.geomar.de:47013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400264","display_name":"Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34403800","host_organization_name":"GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34403800"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"    Sensors, 19  (12, Article 2833).     ","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a65ccd78c1774ca1826c7ad05aac5a2c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a65ccd78c1774ca1826c7ad05aac5a2c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 12, p 2833 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5647006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6630795","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/12/2833/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122833","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19122833","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19122833","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/12/2833/pdf?version=1561460524","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1442516477","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"03SX459A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2401360034","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"633211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4845226019","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"633211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2953460030.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2953460030.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002777433","https://openalex.org/W2008596166","https://openalex.org/W2042677259","https://openalex.org/W2047127038","https://openalex.org/W2057295741","https://openalex.org/W2073708413","https://openalex.org/W2127239070","https://openalex.org/W2152669720","https://openalex.org/W2155173269","https://openalex.org/W2198506642","https://openalex.org/W2210502253","https://openalex.org/W2401410914","https://openalex.org/W2518838575","https://openalex.org/W2593623972","https://openalex.org/W2604655640","https://openalex.org/W2765475162","https://openalex.org/W2768829707","https://openalex.org/W2769448448","https://openalex.org/W2806529284","https://openalex.org/W2890114093","https://openalex.org/W2903700518","https://openalex.org/W2963857492","https://openalex.org/W6688178763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W806196745","https://openalex.org/W2164073764","https://openalex.org/W2068592176","https://openalex.org/W2057963218","https://openalex.org/W1988924967","https://openalex.org/W1994124848","https://openalex.org/W1638317643","https://openalex.org/W2481431113","https://openalex.org/W2953460030","https://openalex.org/W1553367120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Charge-coupled":[0],"device":[1],"(CCD)":[2],"spectrometers":[3,36,104],"are":[4,105],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"as":[7,14,22],"detectors":[8],"in":[9,17,69,98],"analytical":[10],"laboratory":[11],"instruments":[12],"and":[13,30,49,63,72],"sensors":[15],"for":[16,58,83,95],"situ":[18],"optical":[19,99],"measurements.":[20,85],"However,":[21,55],"the":[23,28,34,77,111,115,132],"applications":[24],"become":[25],"more":[26],"complex,":[27],"physical":[29],"electronic":[31],"limits":[32],"of":[33,60,117],"CCD":[35,103],"may":[37,75],"restrict":[38],"their":[39],"applicability.":[40],"The":[41,107],"errors":[42,97],"due":[43,113],"to":[44,81,93,114,127],"dark":[45],"currents,":[46],"temperature":[47],"variations,":[48],"blooming":[50],"can":[51,120],"be":[52,121],"readily":[53],"corrected.":[54],"a":[56,89,118],"correction":[57,91,134],"uncertainty":[59],"integration":[61],"time":[62],"wavelength":[64],"calibration":[65],"is":[66,136],"typically":[67],"lacking":[68],"most":[70],"devices,":[71],"detector":[73],"non-linearity":[74,96,116],"distort":[76],"signal":[78],"by":[79],"up":[80],"5%":[82],"some":[84],"Here,":[86],"we":[87],"propose":[88],"simple":[90],"method":[92],"compensate":[94],"measurements":[100],"where":[101],"compact":[102],"used.":[106],"results":[108],"indicate":[109],"that":[110],"error":[112],"spectrometer":[119],"reduced":[122],"from":[123],"several":[124],"hundred":[125],"counts":[126,130],"about":[128],"40":[129],"if":[131],"proposed":[133],"function":[135],"applied.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
