{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2950440004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112647","title":"Approaching the Communication Constraints of Ethereum-Based Decentralized Applications","display_name":"Approaching the Communication Constraints of Ethereum-Based Decentralized Applications","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2950440004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112647","mag":"2950440004","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31212715"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19112647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112647","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2647/pdf?version=1560264415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2647/pdf?version=1560264415","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065075867","display_name":"Matev\u017e Pusti\u0161ek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1042-6203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matev\u017e Pusti\u0161ek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049267402","display_name":"Anton Umek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4408-327X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anton Umek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4408-327X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019724434","display_name":"Andrej Kos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7934-0459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","display_name":"University of Ljubljana","ror":"https://ror.org/05njb9z20","country_code":"SI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}],"countries":["SI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrej Kos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tr\u017ea\u0161ka 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065075867"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.2312,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94764619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"11","first_page":"2647","last_page":"2647"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9607999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7729142308235168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7410402297973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5343358516693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4842771887779236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4517960548400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.44553402066230774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.39442554116249084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.38325801491737366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33221352100372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.20821994543075562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.16503998637199402}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7729142308235168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7410402297973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5343358516693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4842771887779236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4517960548400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.44553402066230774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.39442554116249084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.38325801491737366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33221352100372314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.20821994543075562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.16503998637199402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19112647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112647","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2647/pdf?version=1560264415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31212715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31212715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repozitorij.uni-lj.si:IzpisGradiva.php?id=132289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=132289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196268","display_name":"Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I153976015","host_organization_name":"University of Ljubljana","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153976015"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, vol. 19, no. 11,  2647, 2019.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:62533783dff942b9a7cbab83ed03585a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/62533783dff942b9a7cbab83ed03585a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 11, p 2647 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5597109","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6603510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/11/2647/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19112647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112647","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2647/pdf?version=1560264415","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2950440004.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392113277","https://openalex.org/W2510244456","https://openalex.org/W2604096638","https://openalex.org/W2611626082","https://openalex.org/W2737252471","https://openalex.org/W2766089955","https://openalex.org/W2768696376","https://openalex.org/W2769186632","https://openalex.org/W2793346081","https://openalex.org/W2799858198","https://openalex.org/W2803371618","https://openalex.org/W2808479741","https://openalex.org/W2885100636","https://openalex.org/W2908737503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Those":[0],"working":[1],"on":[2,130,195,279],"Blockchain":[3],"technologies":[4,92],"have":[5],"described":[6],"several":[7],"new":[8,343],"innovative":[9],"directions":[10,300],"and":[11,24,30,33,139,149,158,169,180,191,210,231,258,315,318,333],"novel":[12],"services":[13],"in":[14,47,69,145,218,236,252],"the":[15,38,48,55,58,66,76,83,97,106,131,135,160,166,177,181,189,219,232,246,249,269,280,293,323,329],"Internet":[16],"of":[17,27,41,57,62,108,240,271],"things":[18],"(IoT),":[19],"including":[20],"decentralized":[21,127],"trust,":[22],"trusted":[23],"verifiable":[25],"execution":[26],"smart":[28],"contracts,":[29],"machine-to-machine":[31],"communications":[32],"automation":[34],"that":[35,175],"reach":[36],"beyond":[37],"mere":[39],"exchange":[40],"data.":[42,241,282],"However,":[43,336],"applying":[44],"blockchain":[45,109,133,167,229,316],"principles":[46],"IoT":[49,112,303,313],"is":[50,99,204],"a":[51,153,227,272,276],"challenge":[52],"due":[53],"to":[54,75,126,164,206,248,306,321,328,348,351],"constraints":[56,104],"end":[59],"devices.":[60],"Because":[61],"fierce":[63],"cost":[64],"pressure,":[65],"hardware":[67],"resources":[68],"these":[70],"devices":[71,314],"are":[72,93],"usually":[73],"reduced":[74,205],"minimum":[77],"necessary":[78],"for":[79,111,134,301,337,346],"operation.":[80],"To":[81],"achieve":[82],"high":[84],"coverage":[85],"needed,":[86],"low":[87,339],"bitrate":[88],"mobile":[89],"or":[90,117],"wireless":[91],"frequently":[94],"applied,":[95],"so":[96],"communication":[98,192,341,344],"often":[100],"constrained,":[101],"too.":[102],"These":[103,297],"make":[105],"implementation":[107],"nodes":[110],"as":[113],"standalone":[114],"end-devices":[115],"impractical":[116],"even":[118],"impossible.":[119],"We":[120,137,172],"therefore":[121],"investigated":[122],"possible":[123],"design":[124,326],"approaches":[125],"applications":[128],"based":[129],"Ethereum":[132],"IoT.":[136],"proposed":[138],"evaluated":[140],"three":[141],"application":[142,247,304],"architectures":[143],"differing":[144],"communication,":[146],"computation,":[147],"storage,":[148],"security":[150,199],"requirements.":[151],"In":[152],"pilot":[154],"setup":[155],"we":[156,185],"measured":[157],"analyzed":[159],"data":[161],"traffic":[162,203],"needed":[163],"run":[165],"clients":[168],"their":[170,312],"applications.":[171],"found":[173],"out":[174],"with":[176,197],"appropriate":[178,324],"designs":[179],"remote":[182],"server":[183],"architecture":[184],"can":[186],"strongly":[187],"reduce":[188],"storage":[190],"requirements":[193],"imposed":[194,310],"devices,":[196],"predictable":[198],"implications.":[200],"Periodic":[201],"device":[202,347],"2400":[207],"B/s":[208,212],"(HTTP)":[209,257],"170":[211],"(Websocket)":[213],"from":[214,245],"about":[215,226,237,254],"18":[216],"kB/s":[217],"standalone-device":[220],"full":[221],"client":[222,250],"architecture.":[223],"A":[224,242],"notification":[225],"captured":[228],"event":[230],"corresponding":[233],"verification":[234],"resulted":[235,251],"2000":[238],"B":[239,256,260,288],"transaction":[243,284,295],"sent":[244],"an":[253],"500":[255],"300":[259],"message":[261],"(Websocket).":[262],"The":[263],"key":[264],"store":[265],"location,":[266],"which":[267],"affects":[268],"serialization":[270],"transaction,":[273],"only":[274],"had":[275],"small":[277],"influence":[278],"transaction-related":[281],"Raw":[283],"messages":[285],"were":[286],"45":[287],"larger":[289],"than":[290],"when":[291],"passing":[292],"JSON":[294],"objects.":[296],"findings":[298],"provide":[299],"fog/cloud":[302],"designers":[305],"avoid":[307],"unrealistic":[308],"expectations":[309],"upon":[311],"technologies,":[317],"enable":[319],"them":[320],"select":[322],"system":[325,334],"according":[327],"intended":[330],"use":[331],"case":[332],"constraints.":[335],"very":[338],"bit-rate":[340],"networks,":[342],"protocols":[345],"blockchain-client":[349],"need":[350],"be":[352],"considered.":[353]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}