{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2948835669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112625","title":"Mobile Code Anti-Reversing Scheme Based on Bytecode Trapping in ART","display_name":"Mobile Code Anti-Reversing Scheme Based on Bytecode Trapping in ART","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2948835669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112625","mag":"2948835669","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31185579"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19112625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112625","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2625/pdf?version=1560139670","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2625/pdf?version=1560139670","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019281247","display_name":"Geonbae Na","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geonbae Na","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110829466","display_name":"Jongsu Lim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jongsu Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013621156","display_name":"Sunjun Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunjun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026819793","display_name":"Jeong Hyun Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2720-0593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141371507","display_name":"Soongsil University","ror":"https://ror.org/017xnm587","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeong Hyun Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2720-0593","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026819793"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141371507"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.4631,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63983586,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"11","first_page":"2625","last_page":"2625"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12799","display_name":"Mobile and Web Applications","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reversing","display_name":"Reversing","score":0.9737949967384338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bytecode","display_name":"Bytecode","score":0.921653687953949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6735935211181641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6173364520072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5784416794776917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trapping","display_name":"Trapping","score":0.5154248476028442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.33724790811538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22109240293502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10910958051681519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10158509016036987}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781085045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7318308","display_name":"Reversing","level":2,"score":0.9737949967384338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779818221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837330","display_name":"Bytecode","level":3,"score":0.921653687953949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6735935211181641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6173364520072937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5784416794776917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777924906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34168","display_name":"Trapping","level":2,"score":0.5154248476028442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.33724790811538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22109240293502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10910958051681519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10158509016036987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19112625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112625","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2625/pdf?version=1560139670","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31185579","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31185579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0cf09fed30a644f29de3fb73f6ba6db0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0cf09fed30a644f29de3fb73f6ba6db0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 11, p 2625 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5594635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6603642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/11/2625/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112625","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19112625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112625","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2625/pdf?version=1560139670","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6200000047683716,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2787785503","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014K1A1A2043029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6098849312","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017-0-00168","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6643971696","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2014K1A1A2043029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G682889753","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014K1A1A2043029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7930245375","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017-0-00168","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8985097758","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2014K1A1A2043029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2948835669.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2948835669.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W179639259","https://openalex.org/W1580417272","https://openalex.org/W1664463031","https://openalex.org/W1688131187","https://openalex.org/W2004209351","https://openalex.org/W2029237438","https://openalex.org/W2036743388","https://openalex.org/W2069123635","https://openalex.org/W2099800866","https://openalex.org/W2118729147","https://openalex.org/W2142503704","https://openalex.org/W2401561631","https://openalex.org/W2515172089","https://openalex.org/W2557385690","https://openalex.org/W2560252021","https://openalex.org/W2790631818","https://openalex.org/W2792583723","https://openalex.org/W2796127131","https://openalex.org/W2887060730","https://openalex.org/W2891145179","https://openalex.org/W2901356191","https://openalex.org/W2963856074","https://openalex.org/W6637308451","https://openalex.org/W6750197606","https://openalex.org/W6753806818"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2354780065","https://openalex.org/W3011985225","https://openalex.org/W2482155543","https://openalex.org/W2475618665","https://openalex.org/W4224280204","https://openalex.org/W2380977331","https://openalex.org/W2373606770","https://openalex.org/W1995189325","https://openalex.org/W2885769062","https://openalex.org/W2374738829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"interest":[1],"in":[2,46,148,158],"Internet":[3],"of":[4,27,37,112,130],"Things":[5],"environments":[6],"rapidly":[7],"increases":[8],"throughout":[9],"the":[10,50,58,91,128,159,189,194],"IT":[11],"convergence":[12],"field,":[13],"compatibility":[14],"with":[15],"mobile":[16,28,38,53],"devices":[17,39],"must":[18],"be":[19,41,145],"provided":[20],"to":[21,43,87,101,183,199],"enable":[22],"personalized":[23],"services.":[24],"The":[25,82],"security":[26,35],"platforms":[29],"and":[30,119,163,167,205],"applications":[31],"is":[32,125,151,197],"critical":[33],"because":[34,152],"vulnerabilities":[36],"can":[40,144],"spread":[42],"all":[44],"things":[45],"these":[47,164],"environments.":[48],"Android,":[49],"leading":[51],"open":[52],"platform,":[54],"has":[55,68,98],"long":[56],"used":[57],"Dalvik":[59,86,93,154,165],"virtual":[60],"machine":[61,103,169],"as":[62,115],"its":[63,201],"runtime":[64,76],"system.":[65],"However,":[66],"it":[67],"recently":[69],"been":[70,99],"completely":[71],"replaced":[72],"by":[73,186],"a":[74,102,109],"new":[75,116],"system,":[77],"namely":[78],"Android":[79],"Runtime":[80],"(ART).":[81],"change":[83],"from":[84,127],"Android\u2019s":[85],"ART":[88,160],"means":[89],"that":[90,138],"existing":[92,140,153],"bytecode-based":[94],"application":[95,105,131,142,180],"execution":[96,106,120],"structure":[97],"changed":[100],"code-based":[104],"structure.":[107],"Consequently,":[108],"detailed":[110],"understanding":[111],"ART,":[113],"such":[114],"file":[117],"formats":[118],"switching":[121],"methods":[122],"between":[123],"codes,":[124],"required":[126],"viewpoint":[129],"security.":[132],"In":[133,192],"this":[134,185],"paper,":[135],"we":[136],"demonstrate":[137],"an":[139,178],"Dalvik-based":[141],"vulnerability":[143],"exploited":[146],"as-is":[147],"ART.":[149],"This":[150],"executable":[155,161],"files":[156],"coexist":[157],"file,":[162],"bytecodes":[166],"compiled":[168],"codes":[170],"have":[171],"one-to-one":[172,190],"mapping":[173],"relationships.":[174],"We":[175],"then":[176],"propose":[177],"ART-based":[179],"protection":[181],"scheme":[182,196],"secure":[184],"dynamically":[187],"eliminating":[188],"mapping.":[191],"addition,":[193],"proposed":[195],"implemented":[198],"evaluate":[200],"reverse":[202],"engineering":[203],"resistance":[204],"performance":[206],"through":[207],"experiments.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}