{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2947561132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112486","title":"Damage Detection of Common Timber Connections Using Piezoceramic Transducers and Active Sensing","display_name":"Damage Detection of Common Timber Connections Using Piezoceramic Transducers and Active Sensing","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2947561132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112486","mag":"2947561132","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31159161"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19112486","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112486","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2486/pdf?version=1559284621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2486/pdf?version=1559284621","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042387713","display_name":"Fang Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6323-6086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6323-6086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033368205","display_name":"Jinwei Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2206-9805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinwei Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036437765","display_name":"Kai Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1929-1111"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1929-1111","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100387209","display_name":"Ning Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1568-6933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ning Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1568-6933","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100387209"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.111,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90215229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"11","first_page":"2486","last_page":"2486"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10484","display_name":"Wood Treatment and Properties","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead-zirconate-titanate","display_name":"Lead zirconate titanate","score":0.7534877061843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connection","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","score":0.7487679719924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transducer","display_name":"Transducer","score":0.5753370523452759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.55448979139328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stress-wave","display_name":"Stress wave","score":0.5015392303466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.48899781703948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4530467987060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.4135361313819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4030364751815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3774080276489258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3112524449825287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.15189507603645325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09377396106719971}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781128178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q883484","display_name":"Lead zirconate titanate","level":4,"score":0.7534877061843872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13355873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920850","display_name":"Connection (principal bundle)","level":2,"score":0.7487679719924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56318395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215928","display_name":"Transducer","level":2,"score":0.5753370523452759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.55448979139328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993434580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14097093","display_name":"Stress wave","level":2,"score":0.5015392303466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.48899781703948975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4530467987060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.4135361313819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4030364751815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3774080276489258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3112524449825287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15189507603645325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09377396106719971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79090758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045739","display_name":"Ferroelectricity","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19112486","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112486","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2486/pdf?version=1559284621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31159161","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31159161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2577f2f1304946488b0f08030b16496f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2577f2f1304946488b0f08030b16496f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 11, p 2486 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5594589","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6603585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/11/2486/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19112486","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19112486","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112486","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/11/2486/pdf?version=1559284621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Life in Land"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1430418679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51574184","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3532520274","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 51108358 and No. 51574184","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7151940065","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51108358","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2947561132.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2947561132.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1232243854","https://openalex.org/W1584686470","https://openalex.org/W1967192836","https://openalex.org/W1968208799","https://openalex.org/W1969690536","https://openalex.org/W1982056411","https://openalex.org/W1983186392","https://openalex.org/W1998475326","https://openalex.org/W2026730772","https://openalex.org/W2038345795","https://openalex.org/W2056864492","https://openalex.org/W2058295071","https://openalex.org/W2058894842","https://openalex.org/W2073191554","https://openalex.org/W2073440118","https://openalex.org/W2093299232","https://openalex.org/W2095008204","https://openalex.org/W2095302401","https://openalex.org/W2122837373","https://openalex.org/W2179785835","https://openalex.org/W2291130120","https://openalex.org/W2332885174","https://openalex.org/W2360369925","https://openalex.org/W2478044641","https://openalex.org/W2559929901","https://openalex.org/W2742412886","https://openalex.org/W2762547638","https://openalex.org/W2770424170","https://openalex.org/W2775478452","https://openalex.org/W2794841368","https://openalex.org/W2797119435","https://openalex.org/W2803396641","https://openalex.org/W2807854283","https://openalex.org/W2810300556","https://openalex.org/W2883609031","https://openalex.org/W2885371442","https://openalex.org/W2888169642","https://openalex.org/W2890694129","https://openalex.org/W2894810578","https://openalex.org/W2897448137","https://openalex.org/W2924248321","https://openalex.org/W2946456806","https://openalex.org/W4301381277"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967406975","https://openalex.org/W2012283803","https://openalex.org/W587735977","https://openalex.org/W4384820447","https://openalex.org/W2072454424","https://openalex.org/W2117438306","https://openalex.org/W2185942010","https://openalex.org/W2260725127","https://openalex.org/W2163627367","https://openalex.org/W2080895147"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Timber":[0],"structures":[1,29],"have":[2],"been":[3],"widely":[4],"used":[5,124],"due":[6],"to":[7,16,20,128,139],"their":[8],"low-cost":[9],"and":[10,24,56,59,93,132,180],"environmental-friendly":[11],"properties.":[12],"It":[13],"is":[14,123],"essential":[15],"monitor":[17],"connection":[18,32,65,199,216],"damage":[19,33,61,76,166,182],"ensure":[21],"the":[22,46,60,75,84,87,90,94,100,133,146,151,156,173,177,181,185,191,198,206],"stability":[23],"safety":[25],"of":[26,63,78,114,160,184,197,214],"entire":[27],"timber":[28,31,50,64,81,147,186,215],"since":[30],"may":[34],"induce":[35],"catastrophic":[36],"incidents":[37],"if":[38],"not":[39],"detected":[40],"in":[41,70],"a":[42,112,137],"timely":[43],"manner.":[44],"However,":[45],"current":[47],"investigations":[48],"on":[49,53,150],"connections":[51,82],"focus":[52],"mechanical":[54],"properties":[55],"failure":[57],"modes,":[58],"detection":[62,77],"receives":[66],"rare":[67],"attention.":[68],"Therefore,":[69],"this":[71],"paper,":[72],"we":[73,188],"investigate":[74],"four":[79],"common":[80],"(i.e.,":[83],"screw":[85],"connection,":[86,89,92,187],"bolt":[88],"decussation":[91],"tooth":[95],"plate":[96],"connection)":[97],"by":[98,110,171],"using":[99,111],"active":[101,105,207],"sensing":[102,106,208],"method.":[103],"The":[104,201],"method":[107,209],"was":[108],"implemented":[109],"pair":[113],"lead":[115],"zirconate":[116],"titanate":[117],"(PZT)":[118],"transducers:":[119],"one":[120],"PZT":[121],"patch":[122],"as":[125,136],"an":[126],"actuator":[127],"generate":[129],"stress":[130,141,162],"waves,":[131],"other":[134],"works":[135],"sensor":[138],"detect":[140],"waves":[142,163],"after":[143],"propagating":[144],"across":[145],"connection.":[148],"Based":[149],"wavelet":[152],"packet":[153],"energy":[154,158,175,192],"analysis,":[155],"signal":[157,174],"levels":[159],"received":[161],"under":[164],"different":[165],"extent":[167],"are":[168],"quantified.":[169],"Finally,":[170],"comparing":[172],"between":[176],"intact":[178],"status":[179,183],"find":[189],"that":[190,205],"attenuates":[193],"with":[194],"increasing":[195],"severity":[196],"damage.":[200],"experimental":[202],"results":[203],"demonstrate":[204],"can":[210,219],"realize":[211],"real-time":[212],"monitoring":[213],"damage,":[217],"which":[218],"guide":[220],"further":[221],"investigations.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
