{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2943993771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092155","title":"An Improved Step-Type Liquid Level Sensing System for Bridge Structural Dynamic Deflection Monitoring","display_name":"An Improved Step-Type Liquid Level Sensing System for Bridge Structural Dynamic Deflection Monitoring","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2943993771","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092155","mag":"2943993771","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31075934"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19092155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092155","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2155/pdf?version=1557402976","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2155/pdf?version=1557402976","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026970075","display_name":"Xijun Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7946-1245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xijun Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7946-1245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005664574","display_name":"Zhuo Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8537-4866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011935408","display_name":"Xu Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6030-1137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xu Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038348164","display_name":"Mei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5198-6506"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liu Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5198-6506","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011935408"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.3503,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5884029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"9","first_page":"2155","last_page":"2155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deflection","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","score":0.7831665277481079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-of-measurement","display_name":"System of measurement","score":0.5550127029418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4721054136753082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.46608489751815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vibration","display_name":"Vibration","score":0.4256141185760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4164761006832123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accuracy-and-precision","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","score":0.4105852544307709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.32361137866973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.17101144790649414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12575113773345947}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781355719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080698","display_name":"Deflection (physics)","level":2,"score":0.7831665277481079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37649242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932268","display_name":"System of measurement","level":2,"score":0.5550127029418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4721054136753082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.46608489751815796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198394728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3695508","display_name":"Vibration","level":2,"score":0.4256141185760498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4164761006832123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.4105852544307709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.32361137866973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.17101144790649414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12575113773345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004551","descriptor_name":"Elbow Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004551","descriptor_name":"Elbow Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004551","descriptor_name":"Elbow Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008991","descriptor_name":"Monitoring, Physiologic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014732","descriptor_name":"Vibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014732","descriptor_name":"Vibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014732","descriptor_name":"Vibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19092155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092155","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2155/pdf?version=1557402976","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31075934","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31075934","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:48386c54d4384803b12ca961323b83b7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/48386c54d4384803b12ca961323b83b7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 9, p 2155 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/9/2155/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6539573","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6539573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19092155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092155","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2155/pdf?version=1557402976","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G113024911","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u591a\u79cd\u65e0\u635f\u68c0\u6d4b\u6280\u672f\u7684\u9508\u8680\u94a2\u7b4b\u6df7\u51dd\u571f\u6881\u7684\u5931\u6548\u673a\u5236\u4e0e\u6027\u80fd\u52a3\u5316\u89c4\u5f8b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"51708359","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2069928485","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51608136","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7890490651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325571","funder_display_name":"Shenzhen University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325571","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2943993771.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2943993771.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539321","https://openalex.org/W1498145317","https://openalex.org/W1552524318","https://openalex.org/W1637731468","https://openalex.org/W1751162681","https://openalex.org/W1806423741","https://openalex.org/W1848411996","https://openalex.org/W1976695286","https://openalex.org/W1994986222","https://openalex.org/W1998251723","https://openalex.org/W2013826793","https://openalex.org/W2021631352","https://openalex.org/W2035525708","https://openalex.org/W2043453367","https://openalex.org/W2048952399","https://openalex.org/W2065133652","https://openalex.org/W2071581989","https://openalex.org/W2072421451","https://openalex.org/W2073714308","https://openalex.org/W2079972437","https://openalex.org/W2082741200","https://openalex.org/W2083585912","https://openalex.org/W2084052726","https://openalex.org/W2094168382","https://openalex.org/W2095380194","https://openalex.org/W2102301420","https://openalex.org/W2104213354","https://openalex.org/W2109052783","https://openalex.org/W2125094084","https://openalex.org/W2132603129","https://openalex.org/W2144070725","https://openalex.org/W2147926935","https://openalex.org/W2154944723","https://openalex.org/W2157044442","https://openalex.org/W2767068085","https://openalex.org/W2779497038","https://openalex.org/W2860240419","https://openalex.org/W2883319444","https://openalex.org/W2901669649","https://openalex.org/W2990449391","https://openalex.org/W3022681522","https://openalex.org/W4242865199","https://openalex.org/W6649260472","https://openalex.org/W6670652987","https://openalex.org/W6678372976"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985264064","https://openalex.org/W2134018486","https://openalex.org/W2378313920","https://openalex.org/W4285014067","https://openalex.org/W2380611857","https://openalex.org/W2348715888","https://openalex.org/W2015459551","https://openalex.org/W2071484919","https://openalex.org/W2366519602","https://openalex.org/W2347630477"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real-time":[0],"and":[1,14,63,91,112,129,142,199],"accurate":[2],"monitoring":[3,13,48],"of":[4,8,17,36,55,119],"dynamic":[5,32,67],"deflection":[6,33,47,68],"is":[7,39,64,80,93,110,151,189],"great":[9],"significance":[10],"for":[11,31,66,95,147],"health":[12],"condition":[15],"assessment":[16],"bridge":[18],"structures.":[19],"This":[20],"paper":[21],"proposes":[22],"an":[23],"improved":[24,46],"step-type":[25,42,107],"liquid":[26],"level":[27],"sensing":[28],"system":[29],"(LLSS)":[30],"monitoring.":[34,69],"Layout":[35],"straight-line-type":[37],"pipeline":[38,43],"replaced":[40],"by":[41,83,88,101,167],"in":[44],"this":[45],"system,":[49],"which":[50],"can":[51],"remove":[52],"the":[53,56,60,84,97,102,117,120,132,136,139,143,148,157,163,181,186,193,196,200],"interference":[54],"inclination":[57],"angle":[58],"on":[59,138,162],"measurement":[61,78,133,140,149,158,171,187,197],"accuracy":[62,79,159],"applicable":[65],"Fluid":[70],"dynamics":[71],"are":[72],"first":[73],"analyzed":[74],"to":[75,115,135],"demonstrate":[76],"that":[77,156,185],"interfered":[81],"with":[82,114],"fluid":[85],"velocity":[86],"induced":[87],"structural":[89],"vibration,":[90],"ANSYS-FLOTRAN":[92],"applied":[94],"analyzing":[96],"influence":[98,118],"range":[99],"caused":[100,166],"turbulent":[103,164],"flow.":[104],"Finally,":[105],"a":[106],"LLSS":[108],"model":[109],"designed":[111],"experimented":[113],"verify":[116],"three":[121],"key":[122],"parameters":[123],"(initial":[124],"displacement":[125],"excitation,":[126],"step":[127,168],"height,":[128],"distance":[130,179,194],"from":[131,180],"point":[134,150,198],"elbow)":[137],"accuracy,":[141],"reasonable":[144],"placement":[145],"scheme":[146],"determined.":[152],"The":[153,170],"results":[154],"show":[155],"mainly":[160],"depends":[161],"flow":[165],"height.":[169],"error":[172,188],"gets":[173],"smaller":[174],"after":[175],"about":[176],"1.0":[177,206],"m":[178],"elbow.":[182],"To":[183],"ensure":[184],"less":[190],"than":[191,205],"6%,":[192],"between":[195],"elbow":[201],"should":[202],"be":[203],"larger":[204],"m.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}