{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2942953011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092035","title":"Primary User Localization and Its Error Analysis in 5G Cognitive Radio Networks","display_name":"Primary User Localization and Its Error Analysis in 5G Cognitive Radio Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2942953011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092035","mag":"2942953011","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31052300"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19092035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092035","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2035/pdf?version=1557114258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2035/pdf?version=1557114258","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042602326","display_name":"Nasir Saeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-5139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasir Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-5139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014061593","display_name":"Haewoon Nam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9847-7023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haewoon Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066119580","display_name":"Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6955-4720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083193286","display_name":"Mohamed\u2010Slim Alouini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4827-1793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4575257","display_name":"Hanyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/046865y68","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed-Slim Alouini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014061593"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4575257"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.1676,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78716231,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"9","first_page":"2035","last_page":"2035"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamwidth","display_name":"Beamwidth","score":0.8961930274963379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.7699047327041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6588084101676941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.6010208129882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","score":0.5235647559165955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4976027309894562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid","display_name":"Centroid","score":0.4564433693885803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidimensional-scaling","display_name":"Multidimensional scaling","score":0.42941558361053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.41671252250671387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.4114747941493988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39455607533454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.25921428203582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.19988131523132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.18222180008888245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1818406581878662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190060920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876232","display_name":"Beamwidth","level":3,"score":0.8961930274963379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.7699047327041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6588084101676941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.6010208129882812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10485038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48996162","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","level":3,"score":0.5235647559165955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4976027309894562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.4564433693885803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91682802","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620538","display_name":"Multidimensional scaling","level":2,"score":0.42941558361053467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.41671252250671387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.4114747941493988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39455607533454895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25921428203582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.19988131523132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.18222180008888245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1818406581878662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19092035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092035","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2035/pdf?version=1557114258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31052300","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31052300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4340d740835e494f85d9b622c7651e98","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4340d740835e494f85d9b622c7651e98","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 9, p 2035 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/9/2035/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6540302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6540302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.kaust.edu.sa:10754/644893","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10754/644893","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401596","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Repository (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","host_organization_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19092035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092035","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2035/pdf?version=1557114258","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2942953011.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2942953011.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966387329","https://openalex.org/W1990558596","https://openalex.org/W2002286875","https://openalex.org/W2016639084","https://openalex.org/W2017821179","https://openalex.org/W2031211320","https://openalex.org/W2072833447","https://openalex.org/W2080725110","https://openalex.org/W2092260609","https://openalex.org/W2092431085","https://openalex.org/W2106892069","https://openalex.org/W2119362555","https://openalex.org/W2120296308","https://openalex.org/W2120636900","https://openalex.org/W2134396534","https://openalex.org/W2134860907","https://openalex.org/W2140607818","https://openalex.org/W2147584524","https://openalex.org/W2163520262","https://openalex.org/W2168078104","https://openalex.org/W2310020314","https://openalex.org/W2338849079","https://openalex.org/W2341779446","https://openalex.org/W2472948335","https://openalex.org/W2611387347","https://openalex.org/W2623697879","https://openalex.org/W2744366673","https://openalex.org/W2751571889","https://openalex.org/W2755454789","https://openalex.org/W2765606173","https://openalex.org/W2792726246","https://openalex.org/W2811089936","https://openalex.org/W2811138863","https://openalex.org/W2964060007","https://openalex.org/W3103263186","https://openalex.org/W6742894032"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087159119","https://openalex.org/W3133309669","https://openalex.org/W2589070551","https://openalex.org/W1613226384","https://openalex.org/W4387714700","https://openalex.org/W2364986039","https://openalex.org/W2164011616","https://openalex.org/W2604634667","https://openalex.org/W2765726077","https://openalex.org/W426968574"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,117,142,153],"crucial":[2],"to":[3,27,54,119,123,144,194],"estimate":[4,124],"the":[5,12,25,49,74,80,103,110,121,125,138,163,169,174,179,185,190,201,209,212,216,223,231,247],"location":[6],"of":[7,14,79,109,157,165,168,173,178,187,198,211],"primary":[8],"users":[9,45],"(PUs)":[10],"for":[11,234],"development":[13],"cognitive":[15],"radio":[16],"networks":[17],"(CRNs).":[18],"Great":[19],"efforts":[20],"have":[21],"been":[22],"made":[23],"in":[24,92,155,208,222,246],"past":[26],"develop":[28],"localization":[29,50,62,67,85,99,140,191,202],"algorithms":[30],"with":[31,43,205,230,238],"better":[32],"accuracy":[33,192,203],"but":[34],"low":[35],"computation.":[36],"In":[37],"CRNs,":[38],"PUs":[39],"do":[40],"not":[41],"cooperate":[42],"secondary":[44],"(SUs),":[46],"which":[47,101],"makes":[48],"task":[51],"challenging.":[52],"Due":[53],"this":[55,93],"feature,":[56],"received":[57],"signal":[58],"strength":[59],"(RSS)-based":[60],"PU":[61,84,98,126,145,235],"techniques,":[63],"such":[64,161],"as":[65,162],"centroid":[66],"(CL)":[68],"and":[69,82,147,176],"multidimensional":[70],"scaling":[71],"(MDS),":[72],"are":[73,132,227],"best":[75],"candidates.":[76],"However,":[77,200],"most":[78],"CL-":[81],"MDS-based":[83],"methods":[86],"consider":[87],"omnidirectional":[88],"wireless":[89],"communication.":[90],"Therefore,":[91],"paper":[94],"we":[95],"propose":[96],"a":[97,114,243],"method":[100,141,152],"uses":[102],"RSS":[104],"values":[105],"at":[106],"different":[107,129],"sectors":[108,122],"SU":[111,170,213],"antenna,":[112],"where":[113],"scoring":[115,130],"strategy":[116],"applied":[118],"all":[120],"location.":[127],"Two":[128],"functions":[131],"proposed.":[133],"Numerical":[134],"results":[135,226],"show":[136,182],"that":[137,183],"proposed":[139,151],"robust":[143],"locations":[146],"channel":[148],"conditions.":[149],"The":[150,225],"validated":[154],"terms":[156],"various":[158],"network":[159],"parameters,":[160],"number":[164,186,197],"SUs,":[166],"beamwidth":[167,210],"sectors,":[171],"size":[172],"grid,":[175],"placement":[177],"PUs.":[180],"Results":[181],"increasing":[184],"SUs":[188],"improve":[189],"due":[193],"an":[195,206],"increased":[196],"measurements.":[199],"degrades":[204],"increase":[207],"sector":[214],"because":[215],"faraway":[217],"grid":[218],"points":[219],"also":[220,228],"participate":[221],"localization.":[224,236],"compared":[229],"conventional":[232,239],"CL":[233],"Compared":[237],"CL,":[240],"it":[241],"offers":[242],"significant":[244],"improvement":[245],"performance.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
