{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2942551514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092023","title":"A Mature-Tomato Detection Algorithm Using Machine Learning and Color Analysis","display_name":"A Mature-Tomato Detection Algorithm Using Machine Learning and Color Analysis","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2942551514","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092023","mag":"2942551514","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31052169"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19092023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092023","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2023/pdf?version=1556604952","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2023/pdf?version=1556604952","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027329210","display_name":"Guoxu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3668-4569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136047","display_name":"Weifang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04ha2bb10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136047"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["CN","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoxu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Software Institute, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262-700, China","Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3668-4569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Software Institute, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262-700, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047393648","display_name":"Shuyi Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7529-917X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuyi Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7529-917X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100649967","display_name":"Jae Ho Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4323-4790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jae Ho Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100649967"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":11.3037,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":100,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9814619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"9","first_page":"2023","last_page":"2023"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7296731472015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merge","display_name":"Merge (version control)","score":0.7194454073905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7121883630752563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5884584784507751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.578782320022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.5290509462356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5140699148178101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.47760269045829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4559690058231354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37361422181129456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3461800813674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1159849464893341}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7296731472015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197129107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1921621","display_name":"Merge (version control)","level":2,"score":0.7194454073905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7121883630752563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5884584784507751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.578782320022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.5290509462356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5140699148178101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.47760269045829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4559690058231354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37361422181129456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3461800813674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1159849464893341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003116","descriptor_name":"Color","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003116","descriptor_name":"Color","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003116","descriptor_name":"Color","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018551","descriptor_name":"Solanum lycopersicum","qualifier_ui":"Q000254","qualifier_name":"growth & development","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018551","descriptor_name":"Solanum lycopersicum","qualifier_ui":"Q000254","qualifier_name":"growth & development","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018551","descriptor_name":"Solanum lycopersicum","qualifier_ui":"Q000254","qualifier_name":"growth & development","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018551","descriptor_name":"Solanum lycopersicum","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018551","descriptor_name":"Solanum lycopersicum","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018551","descriptor_name":"Solanum lycopersicum","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19092023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092023","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2023/pdf?version=1556604952","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31052169","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31052169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5b283bf19a1a4776a4b9203543026eed","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5b283bf19a1a4776a4b9203543026eed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 9, p 2023 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/9/2023/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6539546","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6539546","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19092023","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092023","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2023/pdf?version=1556604952","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W172260869","https://openalex.org/W947585488","https://openalex.org/W1974962742","https://openalex.org/W1976847732","https://openalex.org/W1986235237","https://openalex.org/W2001412060","https://openalex.org/W2019168270","https://openalex.org/W2062599688","https://openalex.org/W2064352738","https://openalex.org/W2072364589","https://openalex.org/W2086602523","https://openalex.org/W2094766409","https://openalex.org/W2098185782","https://openalex.org/W2098976163","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2106556101","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2255840091","https://openalex.org/W2413122674","https://openalex.org/W2467954037","https://openalex.org/W2597117158","https://openalex.org/W2945103221","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4249723594","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6683411478"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2071599417","https://openalex.org/W2048716406","https://openalex.org/W1964725559","https://openalex.org/W2979608518","https://openalex.org/W3003960249","https://openalex.org/W2045053268","https://openalex.org/W1870444468","https://openalex.org/W3109748140","https://openalex.org/W2767833206","https://openalex.org/W2433492094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"algorithm":[1,79],"was":[2,30,44,66],"proposed":[3,52,78,105],"for":[4],"automatic":[5],"tomato":[6,84,89],"detection":[7,90],"in":[8,83,91],"regular":[9],"color":[10],"images":[11,94],"to":[12,32,46,58,68],"reduce":[13],"the":[14,23,60,70,77,92,97,104],"influence":[15],"of":[16,25,88,103],"illumination":[17],"and":[18,100,110],"occlusion.":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21],"method,":[22],"Histograms":[24],"Oriented":[26],"Gradients":[27],"(HOG)":[28],"descriptor":[29],"used":[31,67],"train":[33],"a":[34,51],"Support":[35],"Vector":[36],"Machine":[37],"(SVM)":[38],"classifier.":[39],"A":[40],"coarse-to-fine":[41],"scanning":[42],"method":[43,57,106],"developed":[45],"detect":[47],"tomatoes,":[48],"followed":[49],"by":[50],"False":[53],"Color":[54],"Removal":[55],"(FCR)":[56],"remove":[59],"false-positive":[61],"detections.":[62],"Non-Maximum":[63],"Suppression":[64],"(NMS)":[65],"merge":[69],"overlapped":[71],"results.":[72],"Compared":[73],"with":[74],"other":[75],"methods,":[76],"showed":[80,95],"substantial":[81],"improvement":[82],"detection.":[85],"The":[86],"results":[87],"test":[93],"that":[96],"recall,":[98],"precision,":[99],"F1":[101],"score":[102],"were":[107],"90.00%,":[108],"94.41":[109],"92.15%,":[111],"respectively.":[112]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
