{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2941859069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092002","title":"Performance Bound for Joint Multiple Parameter Target Estimation in Sparse Stepped-Frequency Radar: A Comparison Analysis","display_name":"Performance Bound for Joint Multiple Parameter Target Estimation in Sparse Stepped-Frequency Radar: A Comparison Analysis","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2941859069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092002","mag":"2941859069","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31035639"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19092002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2002/pdf?version=1556519526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2002/pdf?version=1556519526","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101764196","display_name":"Qiushi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-970X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiushi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-970X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100339879","display_name":"Xin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5423-5070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5423-5070","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036669418","display_name":"Qiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-1516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Monitoring and Information Processing, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101618341","display_name":"Lei Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3092-4031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3092-4031","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078409139","display_name":"Mengxiao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4911-9654"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengxiao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4911-9654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036669418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I890469752"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.3965,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96236755,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"9","first_page":"2002","last_page":"2002"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.6037454605102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5516805648803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5277655124664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3740861415863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.371658056974411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28381162881851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2176654040813446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.19700023531913757}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.6037454605102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5516805648803711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5277655124664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3740861415863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.371658056974411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28381162881851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2176654040813446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19700023531913757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19092002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2002/pdf?version=1556519526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31035639","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31035639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4e746ba4a4584cf79169d82cadcf61f7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4e746ba4a4584cf79169d82cadcf61f7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 9, p 2002 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/9/2002/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6540301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6540301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19092002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092002","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/9/2002/pdf?version=1556519526","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2464288583","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61171182","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4045398586","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HIT.MKSTISP.2016 26","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5628184072","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61032011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7211977199","display_name":"\u9ad8\u9891\u5929\u6ce2/\u5730\u6ce2\u96c6\u6210\u6280\u672f\u975e\u534f\u4f5c\u76ee\u6807\u4fe1\u606f\u83b7\u53d6\u4e0e\u5904\u7406","funder_award_id":"61032011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7415840483","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HIT.MKSTISP.2016 13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8546567680","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61171182","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941859069.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941859069.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053191607","https://openalex.org/W2063075283","https://openalex.org/W2065948582","https://openalex.org/W2071590400","https://openalex.org/W2075537179","https://openalex.org/W2096282089","https://openalex.org/W2102134012","https://openalex.org/W2108365923","https://openalex.org/W2109515693","https://openalex.org/W2118052063","https://openalex.org/W2136955514","https://openalex.org/W2152176246","https://openalex.org/W2152294662","https://openalex.org/W2155783608","https://openalex.org/W2289199286","https://openalex.org/W2336625730","https://openalex.org/W2343578861","https://openalex.org/W2396931358","https://openalex.org/W2560066310","https://openalex.org/W2611675202","https://openalex.org/W2766181700","https://openalex.org/W2802486539","https://openalex.org/W2964266252","https://openalex.org/W2964332730","https://openalex.org/W6670261752"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,94],"performance":[1,37,96],"bound-Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[2],"lower":[3,29],"bound":[4,30],"(CRLB)":[5],"for":[6,149],"target":[7,106],"estimation":[8,33,36],"and":[9,61,69,85,88,115,134,146],"detection":[10],"in":[11,107,120],"sparse":[12],"stepped":[13],"frequency":[14],"radars":[15],"is":[16,24,98,132],"presented.":[17],"The":[18,35,72],"vector":[19],"formulation":[20],"of":[21,44,50,80,91,104,125,152],"this":[22],"CRLB":[23,45,114,131,142],"used":[25],"to":[26,74],"obtain":[27],"a":[28,129],"on":[31,128],"the":[32,48,78,86,92,102,105,108,111,122,140,150],"error.":[34],"can":[38],"be":[39,75],"transformed":[40],"into":[41],"different":[42],"types":[43],"structures.":[46],"Therefore,":[47],"expressions":[49],"bounds":[51],"under":[52],"three":[53],"equivalent":[54],"models":[55],"are":[56,118],"derived":[57],"separately:":[58],"time":[59],"delay":[60],"Doppler":[62],"stretch":[63],"estimator,":[64,68],"joint":[65],"multiple":[66],"parameter":[67],"sparse-based":[70],"estimator.":[71],"variables":[73],"estimated":[76],"include":[77],"variances":[79],"unknown":[81],"noise,":[82],"range,":[83],"velocity,":[84],"real":[87],"imaginary":[89],"parts":[90],"amplitude.":[93],"general":[95],"expression":[97],"proposed":[99],"by":[100],"considering":[101],"echo":[103],"line-of-sight.":[109],"When":[110],"relationship":[112],"between":[113],"various":[116],"parameters":[117,127],"discussed":[119],"detail,":[121],"specific":[123],"effect":[124],"waveform":[126,154],"single":[130],"compared":[133],"analyzed.":[135],"Numerical":[136],"simulations":[137],"demonstrated":[138],"that":[139],"resulting":[141],"exhibits":[143],"considerable":[144],"theoretical":[145],"practical":[147],"significance":[148],"selection":[151],"optimal":[153],"parameters.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}