{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2941246622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081916","title":"A Trust-Based Formal Model for Fault Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"A Trust-Based Formal Model for Fault Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2941246622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081916","mag":"2941246622","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31018541"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19081916","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081916","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/8/1916/pdf?version=1556009179","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/8/1916/pdf?version=1556009179","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100461417","display_name":"Na Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7899-0265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135905480","display_name":"Shanghai Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02as5yg64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Na Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7899-0265","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069580705","display_name":"Jiacun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4176-3947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141450709","display_name":"Monmouth University","ror":"https://ror.org/01d6qxv05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141450709"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiacun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ 07764, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4176-3947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ 07764, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141450709"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081641600","display_name":"Xuemin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3820-9195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48205209","display_name":"Texas Southern University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ch0aw77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48205209"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuemin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3820-9195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48205209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081641600","https://openalex.org/A5100461417"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135905480","https://openalex.org/I48205209"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.23,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88890199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"8","first_page":"1916","last_page":"1916"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7239750623703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petri-net","display_name":"Petri net","score":0.6957441568374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.6922823190689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6597030162811279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.5932143926620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5925756692886353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5525984168052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5163735151290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4863336682319641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.45243388414382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-model","display_name":"Fault model","score":0.42242321372032166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4134690761566162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.4065050780773163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.29134637117385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19769936800003052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1751442551612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07500499486923218}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7239750623703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38677869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q724168","display_name":"Petri net","level":2,"score":0.6957441568374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.6922823190689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6597030162811279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.5932143926620483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5925756692886353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5525984168052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5163735151290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4863336682319641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.45243388414382935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167391956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401211","display_name":"Fault model","level":3,"score":0.42242321372032166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4134690761566162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.4065050780773163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.29134637117385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19769936800003052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1751442551612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07500499486923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19081916","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081916","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/8/1916/pdf?version=1556009179","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31018541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31018541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalscholarship.tsu.edu:facpubs-1123","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalscholarship.tsu.edu/facpubs/113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196639","display_name":"Digital Scholarship - Texas Southern University (Texas Southern University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I48205209","host_organization_name":"Texas Southern University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48205209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b77d957eccc9438c8ca3e7b1a2a3fb60","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b77d957eccc9438c8ca3e7b1a2a3fb60","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 8, p 1916 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/8/1916/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081916","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6514754","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6514754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19081916","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081916","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/8/1916/pdf?version=1556009179","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5282524866","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XXKZD1604","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G532481929","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1137732","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7512450211","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61672022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329022","display_name":"Shanghai Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02as5yg64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941246622.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2941246622.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W77106494","https://openalex.org/W288010461","https://openalex.org/W560220739","https://openalex.org/W1543378523","https://openalex.org/W1614816533","https://openalex.org/W1986841165","https://openalex.org/W1991251119","https://openalex.org/W2002516223","https://openalex.org/W2011778831","https://openalex.org/W2012614137","https://openalex.org/W2033498067","https://openalex.org/W2043742563","https://openalex.org/W2071975066","https://openalex.org/W2080233827","https://openalex.org/W2089160943","https://openalex.org/W2098342397","https://openalex.org/W2106265536","https://openalex.org/W2135439762","https://openalex.org/W2137130182","https://openalex.org/W2145114937","https://openalex.org/W2164726411","https://openalex.org/W2175204221","https://openalex.org/W2237924685","https://openalex.org/W2296872963","https://openalex.org/W2480466546","https://openalex.org/W2484908051","https://openalex.org/W2490518994","https://openalex.org/W2491741490","https://openalex.org/W2494184210","https://openalex.org/W2496670332","https://openalex.org/W2546676571","https://openalex.org/W2548146996","https://openalex.org/W2551547071","https://openalex.org/W2599833941","https://openalex.org/W2618844859","https://openalex.org/W2766356845","https://openalex.org/W2767507316","https://openalex.org/W2802249969","https://openalex.org/W2895830130","https://openalex.org/W2897317974","https://openalex.org/W2901960480","https://openalex.org/W3016607949","https://openalex.org/W3022716555","https://openalex.org/W3103242541","https://openalex.org/W6661422439","https://openalex.org/W6683864583","https://openalex.org/W6690194876"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551257573","https://openalex.org/W4230983483","https://openalex.org/W1980200158","https://openalex.org/W2132799268","https://openalex.org/W2154794415","https://openalex.org/W791317142","https://openalex.org/W2109094990","https://openalex.org/W1538101305","https://openalex.org/W2982241419","https://openalex.org/W2285444239"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wireless":[0],"Sensor":[1],"Networks":[2],"(WSNs)":[3],"are":[4,104,123,150],"prone":[5],"to":[6,48,53],"failures":[7],"and":[8,77,82,98,119,148,184],"malicious":[9],"attacks.":[10],"Trust":[11],"evaluation":[12],"is":[13,56,135],"becoming":[14],"a":[15,27,65,84],"new":[16],"method":[17],"for":[18,36,110,126,137,189],"fault":[19,37,74,181],"detection":[20,75,139,182],"in":[21,187],"WSNs.":[22,190],"In":[23],"our":[24],"previous":[25],"work,":[26],"comprehensive":[28],"trust":[29,142],"model":[30,40,87],"based":[31],"on":[32],"multi-factors":[33],"was":[34,41],"introduced":[35],"detection.":[38],"This":[39,86],"validated":[42],"by":[43],"simulating.":[44],"However,":[45],"it":[46],"needs":[47],"be":[49,114,158],"redeployed":[50],"when":[51],"adjustment":[52],"network":[54],"parameters":[55],"made.":[57],"To":[58],"address":[59],"the":[60,73,93,155,165,180],"redeployment":[61],"issue,":[62],"we":[63,161,173],"propose":[64],"Trust-based":[66],"Formal":[67],"Model":[68],"(TFM)":[69],"that":[70,175],"can":[71,113,157,177],"describe":[72,179],"process":[76,183],"check":[78],"faults":[79,186],"without":[80],"simulating":[81],"running":[83],"WSN.":[85],"derives":[88],"from":[89],"Petri":[90],"nets":[91],"with":[92,106,164],"characteristics":[94],"of":[95,102,154],"time,":[96,146],"weight,":[97],"threshold.":[99],"Basic":[100],"structures":[101,109],"TFM":[103,132,163,176],"presented":[105],"which":[107],"compound":[108],"general":[111],"purposes":[112],"built.":[115],"The":[116],"transition":[117],"firing":[118,145],"marking":[120],"updating":[121],"rules":[122],"both":[124],"defined":[125],"further":[127],"system":[128],"analysis.":[129],"An":[130],"efficient":[131],"analysis":[133],"algorithm":[134],"developed":[136],"structured":[138],"models.":[140],"When":[141],"factor":[143],"values,":[144],"weights,":[147],"thresholds":[149],"loaded,":[151],"precise":[152],"assessment":[153],"node":[156],"obtained.":[159],"Finally,":[160],"implement":[162],"Generic":[166],"Modeling":[167],"Environment":[168],"(GME).":[169],"With":[170],"an":[171],"example,":[172],"illustrate":[174],"efficiently":[178],"specify":[185],"advance":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-10T08:33:47.465468","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
