{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2936712672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081897","title":"Recognition of Emotion Intensities Using Machine Learning Algorithms: A Comparative Study","display_name":"Recognition of Emotion Intensities Using Machine Learning Algorithms: A Comparative Study","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2936712672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081897","mag":"2936712672","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31010081"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19081897","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081897","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/8/1897/pdf?version=1555913998","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/8/1897/pdf?version=1555913998","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010462396","display_name":"Dhwani Mehta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhwani Mehta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, The University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, MS 308, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, The University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, MS 308, Toledo, OH 43606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027760336","display_name":"Mohammad Faridul Haque Siddiqui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8515-062X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Faridul Haque Siddiqui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, The University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, MS 308, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, The University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, MS 308, Toledo, OH 43606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078681299","display_name":"Ahmad Y. Javaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4719-4941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Y. Javaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, The University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, MS 308, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, The University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St, MS 308, Toledo, OH 43606, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078681299"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.5762,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":78,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94414671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"8","first_page":"1897","last_page":"1897"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7240095734596252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.7063635587692261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6802228093147278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6656482815742493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.6428360939025879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6169905662536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.6059064865112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6007449626922607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-classification","display_name":"Emotion classification","score":0.560775101184845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5553205609321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5160436630249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.512911319732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.510438859462738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.48550012707710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","score":0.46890366077423096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.46448665857315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-detection","display_name":"Emotion detection","score":0.44097208976745605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.413073867559433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.11656114459037781}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7240095734596252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.7063635587692261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6802228093147278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6656482815742493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.6428360939025879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6169905662536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.6059064865112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6007449626922607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206310091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750859","display_name":"Emotion classification","level":2,"score":0.560775101184845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5553205609321594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5160436630249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.512911319732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.510438859462738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.48550012707710266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.46890366077423096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.46448665857315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988148770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion detection","level":3,"score":0.44097208976745605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.413073867559433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.11656114459037781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19081897","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081897","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/8/1897/pdf?version=1555913998","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31010081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31010081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c38de4312a584d8a98e11f865fb5bfc5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c38de4312a584d8a98e11f865fb5bfc5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 8, p 1897 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/8/1897/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081897","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6514572","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6514572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19081897","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081897","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/8/1897/pdf?version=1555913998","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313633","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2936712672.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2936712672.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178033993","https://openalex.org/W206235906","https://openalex.org/W1486414894","https://openalex.org/W1491036874","https://openalex.org/W1511030552","https://openalex.org/W1530554288","https://openalex.org/W1557043124","https://openalex.org/W1576868969","https://openalex.org/W1709036216","https://openalex.org/W1964507417","https://openalex.org/W1980068698","https://openalex.org/W1982770690","https://openalex.org/W1989991984","https://openalex.org/W1992377643","https://openalex.org/W2000724181","https://openalex.org/W2002858145","https://openalex.org/W2015212590","https://openalex.org/W2018366279","https://openalex.org/W2019312772","https://openalex.org/W2025216571","https://openalex.org/W2025605741","https://openalex.org/W2025630647","https://openalex.org/W2028627965","https://openalex.org/W2028786445","https://openalex.org/W2035161948","https://openalex.org/W2037891270","https://openalex.org/W2045472600","https://openalex.org/W2046677541","https://openalex.org/W2056841799","https://openalex.org/W2062260304","https://openalex.org/W2063668481","https://openalex.org/W2072369630","https://openalex.org/W2077625565","https://openalex.org/W2080683407","https://openalex.org/W2083261714","https://openalex.org/W2086599969","https://openalex.org/W2099417584","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2109002458","https://openalex.org/W2115070550","https://openalex.org/W2121799421","https://openalex.org/W2125127226","https://openalex.org/W2130723759","https://openalex.org/W2130972944","https://openalex.org/W2131034073","https://openalex.org/W2131150047","https://openalex.org/W2132719376","https://openalex.org/W2132723029","https://openalex.org/W2135283148","https://openalex.org/W2137306662","https://openalex.org/W2137409775","https://openalex.org/W2143939206","https://openalex.org/W2145028577","https://openalex.org/W2146474141","https://openalex.org/W2149731110","https://openalex.org/W2153152039","https://openalex.org/W2166034132","https://openalex.org/W2166730868","https://openalex.org/W2166743687","https://openalex.org/W2184902314","https://openalex.org/W2223449666","https://openalex.org/W2294791998","https://openalex.org/W2337886184","https://openalex.org/W2396911670","https://openalex.org/W2474388930","https://openalex.org/W2507066460","https://openalex.org/W2526018281","https://openalex.org/W2535258007","https://openalex.org/W2549448513","https://openalex.org/W2567514223","https://openalex.org/W2603304755","https://openalex.org/W2604791574","https://openalex.org/W2614072687","https://openalex.org/W2622810416","https://openalex.org/W2624725137","https://openalex.org/W2724317853","https://openalex.org/W2739288524","https://openalex.org/W2759476730","https://openalex.org/W2774629331","https://openalex.org/W2783871779","https://openalex.org/W2786085966","https://openalex.org/W2787042863","https://openalex.org/W2792578050","https://openalex.org/W2800415045","https://openalex.org/W2905373149","https://openalex.org/W2915622774","https://openalex.org/W2918378401","https://openalex.org/W2920607013","https://openalex.org/W2937780270","https://openalex.org/W2995034616","https://openalex.org/W4210598334","https://openalex.org/W4236488730","https://openalex.org/W4236533540","https://openalex.org/W4240344580","https://openalex.org/W4242438240","https://openalex.org/W4249760951","https://openalex.org/W4249992506","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4288834324","https://openalex.org/W6631833301","https://openalex.org/W6675736572","https://openalex.org/W6681231442","https://openalex.org/W6725474317","https://openalex.org/W6831148391"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2046724945","https://openalex.org/W4224879220","https://openalex.org/W2999130902","https://openalex.org/W3211626993","https://openalex.org/W2507467930","https://openalex.org/W4281681299","https://openalex.org/W4315797013","https://openalex.org/W2904398182","https://openalex.org/W2787157782","https://openalex.org/W1876223856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,17,20,30,35,49,52,61,71,75,147,159],"past":[2],"two":[3],"decades,":[4],"automatic":[5],"facial":[6,31,54,63,142,169],"emotion":[7,32,38,55,72,124,143,170,174],"recognition":[8,33,125,144],"has":[9],"received":[10],"enormous":[11],"attention.":[12],"This":[13,122,133],"is":[14,134],"due":[15],"to":[16],"increase":[18],"in":[19,84,166],"need":[21],"for":[22,102,141,153],"behavioral":[23,168],"biometric":[24],"systems":[25],"and":[26,34,56,97,117,126,171],"human-machine":[27],"interaction":[28],"where":[29],"intensity":[36,50,127,148,172],"of":[37,51,78,93,129,138,150,173],"play":[39],"vital":[40],"roles.":[41],"The":[42,81,155],"existing":[43],"works":[44],"usually":[45],"do":[46],"not":[47],"encode":[48],"observed":[53],"even":[57],"less":[58],"involve":[59],"modeling":[60],"multi-class":[62],"behavior":[64],"data":[65],"jointly.":[66],"Our":[67],"work":[68],"involves":[69],"recognizing":[70],"along":[73,145],"with":[74,146],"respective":[76],"intensities":[77],"those":[79,151],"emotions.":[80],"algorithms":[82],"used":[83,109,140,165],"this":[85],"comparative":[86,136,160],"study":[87,137,161],"are":[88],"Gabor":[89],"filters,":[90],"a":[91,135],"Histogram":[92],"Oriented":[94],"Gradients":[95],"(HOG),":[96],"Local":[98],"Binary":[99],"Pattern":[100],"(LBP)":[101],"feature":[103],"extraction.":[104],"For":[105],"classification,":[106],"we":[107],"have":[108],"Support":[110],"Vector":[111],"Machine":[112],"(SVM),":[113],"Random":[114],"Forest":[115],"(RF),":[116],"Nearest":[118],"Neighbor":[119],"Algorithm":[120],"(kNN).":[121],"attains":[123],"estimation":[128,149],"each":[130],"recognized":[131],"emotion.":[132],"classifiers":[139],"emotions":[152],"databases.":[154],"results":[156],"verified":[157],"that":[158],"could":[162],"be":[163],"further":[164],"real-time":[167],"recognition.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
