{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2936084516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081806","title":"Variable-Fidelity Simulation Models and Sparse Gradient Updates for Cost-Efficient Optimization of Compact Antenna Input Characteristics","display_name":"Variable-Fidelity Simulation Models and Sparse Gradient Updates for Cost-Efficient Optimization of Compact Antenna Input Characteristics","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2936084516","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081806","mag":"2936084516","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30991769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19081806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081806","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/8/1806/pdf?version=1555343218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/8/1806/pdf?version=1555343218","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040400589","display_name":"S\u0142awomir Kozie\u0142","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9063-2647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123185442","display_name":"Reykjav\u00edk University","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2kyx68","country_code":"IS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123185442"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}],"countries":["IS","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Slawomir Koziel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland","School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123185442"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023550580","display_name":"Anna Pietrenko\u2010Dabrowska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2319-6782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anna Pietrenko-Dabrowska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023550580"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.1353,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92026552,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"8","first_page":"1806","last_page":"1806"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6047953963279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5575121641159058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.5516831874847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-pattern","display_name":"Radiation pattern","score":0.518268346786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5067818760871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.46300485730171204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.46242302656173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.4298962950706482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3326795697212219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32790428400039673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17907503247261047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16976511478424072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1375163197517395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6047953963279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5575121641159058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5516831874847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151764478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571921","display_name":"Radiation pattern","level":3,"score":0.518268346786499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5067818760871887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.46300485730171204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.46242302656173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.4298962950706482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3326795697212219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32790428400039673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17907503247261047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16976511478424072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1375163197517395}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19081806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081806","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/8/1806/pdf?version=1555343218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30991769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30991769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8d6f68068296480fafd5e2fb76ef273a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8d6f68068296480fafd5e2fb76ef273a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 8, p 1806 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/8/1806/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opinvisindi.is:20.500.11815/2108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11815/2108","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401866","display_name":"Opin v\u00edsindi (Opin v\u00edsindi)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6515375","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6515375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19081806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081806","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/8/1806/pdf?version=1555343218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G272331794","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015/17/B/ST6/01857","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","funder_display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7235107874","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"174114051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321020","funder_display_name":"Icelandic Centre for Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321020","display_name":"Icelandic Centre for Research","ror":"https://ror.org/03srneg48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha2q922"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326825","display_name":"Rann\u00eds","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2936084516.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2936084516.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147998453","https://openalex.org/W1510555075","https://openalex.org/W1984753492","https://openalex.org/W1989404742","https://openalex.org/W2001842014","https://openalex.org/W2010844372","https://openalex.org/W2057642653","https://openalex.org/W2098103715","https://openalex.org/W2108029065","https://openalex.org/W2123388266","https://openalex.org/W2124338373","https://openalex.org/W2136153612","https://openalex.org/W2147038658","https://openalex.org/W2155694802","https://openalex.org/W2207998165","https://openalex.org/W2276063734","https://openalex.org/W2309781713","https://openalex.org/W2330733726","https://openalex.org/W2491957373","https://openalex.org/W2496129546","https://openalex.org/W2506906243","https://openalex.org/W2531130153","https://openalex.org/W2548027745","https://openalex.org/W2551471669","https://openalex.org/W2615463929","https://openalex.org/W2740241164","https://openalex.org/W2749532322","https://openalex.org/W2757460606","https://openalex.org/W2759128030","https://openalex.org/W2765541920","https://openalex.org/W2765640122","https://openalex.org/W2766178445","https://openalex.org/W2789250272","https://openalex.org/W2792841266","https://openalex.org/W2796141604","https://openalex.org/W2800549310","https://openalex.org/W2802220673","https://openalex.org/W2802800431","https://openalex.org/W3018451070","https://openalex.org/W6776624980"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2089600072","https://openalex.org/W2005289539","https://openalex.org/W2077758391","https://openalex.org/W2069820990","https://openalex.org/W3007114974","https://openalex.org/W2046937923","https://openalex.org/W2031518249","https://openalex.org/W2526308500","https://openalex.org/W2033921874","https://openalex.org/W4390582938"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Design":[0],"of":[1,6,36,42,51,92,100,108,133,147],"antennas":[2,179],"for":[3,87,163],"the":[4,40,65,96,98,109,131,135,145,148,153,159,185,191],"Internet":[5],"Things":[7],"(IoT)":[8],"applications":[9],"requires":[10],"taking":[11],"into":[12],"account":[13],"several":[14],"performance":[15],"figures,":[16],"both":[17,184],"electrical":[18],"(e.g.,":[19],"impedance":[20],"matching)":[21],"and":[22,180,190],"field":[23],"(gain,":[24],"radiation":[25],"pattern),":[26],"but":[27],"also":[28],"physical":[29],"constraints,":[30],"primarily":[31],"concerning":[32],"size":[33],"limitation.":[34],"Fulfillment":[35],"stringent":[37],"specifications":[38],"necessitates":[39],"development":[41],"topologically":[43],"complex":[44],"structures":[45],"described":[46],"by":[47],"a":[48,82,114,126],"large":[49],"number":[50],"geometry":[52],"parameters":[53],"that":[54,165],"need":[55],"tuning.":[56],"Conventional":[57],"optimization":[58,85,91,99,154],"procedures":[59,199],"are":[60],"typically":[61],"too":[62],"expensive":[63],"when":[64],"antenna":[66,93,101,110,136,149],"is":[67,104,141,173],"evaluated":[68],"using":[69,175],"high-fidelity":[70],"electromagnetic":[71],"(EM)":[72],"analysis,":[73],"otherwise":[74],"required":[75],"to":[76,129,182],"ensure":[77],"accuracy.":[78],"This":[79],"paper":[80],"proposes":[81],"novel":[83],"surrogate-assisted":[84],"algorithm":[86,172,189],"computationally":[88],"efficient":[89],"design":[90,203],"structures.":[94],"In":[95],"paper,":[97],"input":[102],"characteristic":[103],"presented,":[105],"specifically,":[106],"minimization":[107],"reflection":[111],"coefficient":[112],"in":[113],"given":[115],"bandwidth.":[116],"Our":[117],"methodology":[118],"involves":[119],"variable-fidelity":[120],"EM":[121],"simulations":[122],"as":[123,125,195,197],"well":[124,196],"dedicated":[127],"procedure":[128,157],"reduce":[130],"cost":[132],"estimating":[134],"response":[137,150],"gradients.":[138],"The":[139,156,170],"latter":[140],"based":[142],"on":[143],"monitoring":[144],"variations":[146],"sensitivities":[151],"along":[152],"path.":[155],"suppresses":[158],"finite-differentiation-based":[160],"sensitivity":[161],"updates":[162],"variables":[164],"exhibit":[166],"stable":[167],"gradient":[168],"behavior.":[169],"proposed":[171],"validated":[174],"three":[176],"compact":[177],"wideband":[178],"demonstrated":[181],"outperform":[183],"conventional":[186],"trust":[187],"region":[188],"pattern":[192],"search":[193],"procedure,":[194],"surrogate-based":[198],"while":[200],"retaining":[201],"acceptable":[202],"quality.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}