{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2923737011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19071536","title":"Front-Inner Lens for High Sensitivity of CMOS Image Sensors","display_name":"Front-Inner Lens for High Sensitivity of CMOS Image Sensors","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2923737011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19071536","mag":"2923737011","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30934920"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19071536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19071536","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/7/1536/pdf?version=1553857651","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/7/1536/pdf?version=1553857651","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012184415","display_name":"Godeun Seok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1305-6196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51226738","display_name":"Dong-A University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qvtpc38","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Godeun Seok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1305-6196","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101784959","display_name":"Yunkyung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4338-7642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51226738","display_name":"Dong-A University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qvtpc38","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunkyung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4338-7642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101784959"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.6053,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68192237,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"7","first_page":"1536","last_page":"1536"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10623","display_name":"Thin-Film Transistor Technologies","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lens","display_name":"Lens (geology)","score":0.6899314522743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.6388546228408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.637976884841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.631775975227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos-sensor","display_name":"CMOS sensor","score":0.46095091104507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3915286362171173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.35869479179382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3428061306476593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3326255679130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3190488815307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.23333117365837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.22067290544509888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15336307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1766051","display_name":"Lens (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6899314522743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.6388546228408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.637976884841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.631775975227356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210745","display_name":"CMOS sensor","level":3,"score":0.46095091104507446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3915286362171173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.35869479179382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3428061306476593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3326255679130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3190488815307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23333117365837097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.22067290544509888}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19071536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19071536","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/7/1536/pdf?version=1553857651","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30934920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30934920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d39ee7ea335b45b0a837a276df90ed64","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d39ee7ea335b45b0a837a276df90ed64","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 7, p 1536 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/7/1536/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6480177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6480177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19071536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19071536","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/7/1536/pdf?version=1553857651","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G870522637","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2017R1C1B5015844","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2923737011.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W217202631","https://openalex.org/W1969965391","https://openalex.org/W1973999065","https://openalex.org/W1984910794","https://openalex.org/W1993488836","https://openalex.org/W2033901409","https://openalex.org/W2051795524","https://openalex.org/W2082967194","https://openalex.org/W2089123655","https://openalex.org/W2222742049","https://openalex.org/W2243038167","https://openalex.org/W2292489093","https://openalex.org/W2475335541","https://openalex.org/W2581997544","https://openalex.org/W2788522918","https://openalex.org/W2790486801","https://openalex.org/W2792251120","https://openalex.org/W2793047620","https://openalex.org/W3142798391","https://openalex.org/W6921275200","https://openalex.org/W6939990658"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590693222","https://openalex.org/W2382967348","https://openalex.org/W2329660408","https://openalex.org/W1966119149","https://openalex.org/W2352535872","https://openalex.org/W2349576212","https://openalex.org/W1981776476","https://openalex.org/W2334823507","https://openalex.org/W2107073676","https://openalex.org/W2565551736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,85],"the":[2,21,30,35,39,43,47,52,63,66,83,86,91,101,105,112,118,141,155,160,164,170,174],"continuing":[3],"improvements":[4],"in":[5,29,65,117],"camera":[6,18],"technology,":[7],"a":[8,16,77,180],"high-resolution":[9,17],"CMOS":[10],"image":[11],"sensor":[12,32],"is":[13,24,50,55,69],"required.":[14],"However,":[15],"requires":[19],"that":[20,81,169],"pixel":[22,40,48,88,93,108,121,130,162,166,176,193],"pitch":[23,122],"smaller":[25],"than":[26],"1.0":[27,119,136,191],"\u03bcm":[28,120,192],"limited":[31],"area.":[33],"Accordingly,":[34],"optical":[36,58,127],"performance":[37,59],"of":[38,104,111,140,154,173,182],"deteriorates":[41],"with":[42,125,163],"aspect":[44,53],"ratio.":[45],"If":[46],"depth":[49],"shallow,":[51],"ratio":[54],"enhanced.":[56],"Also,":[57],"can":[60],"improve":[61],"if":[62],"sensitivity":[64,84,156],"long":[67],"wavelengths":[68],"guaranteed.":[70],"In":[71],"this":[72],"current":[73],"work,":[74],"we":[75,158],"propose":[76],"front-inner":[78,96,142],"lens":[79,97,143],"structure":[80],"enhances":[82],"small":[87],"size":[89],"and":[90,135,148,167,185,190],"shallow":[92],"depth.":[94],"The":[95,114,129,138],"was":[98,177],"located":[99],"on":[100],"front":[102],"side":[103],"backside":[106],"illuminated":[107],"for":[109,187],"enhancement":[110],"absorption.":[113],"proposed":[115],"structures":[116],"were":[123,132,144],"investigated":[124],"3D":[126],"simulation.":[128],"depths":[131],"3.0,":[133,188],"2.0,":[134,189],"\u03bcm.":[137],"materials":[139],"varied,":[145],"including":[146],"air":[147],"magnesium":[149],"fluoride":[150],"(MgF\u2082).":[151],"For":[152],"analysis":[153],"enhancement,":[157],"compared":[159],"typical":[161],"suggested":[165,175],"confirmed":[168],"absorption":[171],"rate":[172],"improved":[178],"by":[179],"maximum":[181],"7.27%,":[183],"10.47%,":[184],"29.28%":[186],"depths,":[194],"respectively.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}