{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2924221271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061468","title":"Mass Surveilance of C. elegans\u2014Smartphone-Based DIY Microscope and Machine-Learning-Based Approach for Worm Detection","display_name":"Mass Surveilance of C. elegans\u2014Smartphone-Based DIY Microscope and Machine-Learning-Based Approach for Worm Detection","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2924221271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061468","mag":"2924221271","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30917520"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19061468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061468","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1468/pdf?version=1553584940","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1468/pdf?version=1553584940","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027976892","display_name":"Julia Bornhorst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4018-2406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167360494","display_name":"University of Wuppertal","ror":"https://ror.org/00613ak93","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","display_name":"University of Potsdam","ror":"https://ror.org/03bnmw459","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Bornhorst","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany","Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gau\u00dfstra\u00dfe 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gau\u00dfstra\u00dfe 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167360494"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062468278","display_name":"Eike J. Nustede","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-4125"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eike Jannik Nustede","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistance Systems and Medical Device Technology, Department of Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerlaender Heerstr. 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistance Systems and Medical Device Technology, Department of Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerlaender Heerstr. 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006419344","display_name":"Sebastian Fudickar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3553-5131"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Fudickar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Assistance Systems and Medical Device Technology, Department of Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerlaender Heerstr. 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3553-5131","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Assistance Systems and Medical Device Technology, Department of Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerlaender Heerstr. 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006419344"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":1362,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1468},"fwci":0.8867,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68503937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"6","first_page":"1468","last_page":"1468"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10676","display_name":"Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1302","display_name":"Aging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10676","display_name":"Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1302","display_name":"Aging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microscope","display_name":"Microscope","score":0.7657175660133362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caenorhabditis-elegans","display_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","score":0.5758721828460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5600578784942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.516430675983429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44209402799606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4286859929561615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.424416184425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-microscope","display_name":"Optical microscope","score":0.4132847487926483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3312120735645294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.2826992869377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.10129803419113159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08026707172393799}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67649825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196538","display_name":"Microscope","level":2,"score":0.7657175660133362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778944004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91703","display_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","level":3,"score":0.5758721828460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5600578784942627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.516430675983429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44209402799606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4286859929561615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.424416184425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77017923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912313","display_name":"Optical microscope","level":3,"score":0.4132847487926483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3312120735645294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2826992869377136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.10129803419113159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08026707172393799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26771246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321095","display_name":"Scanning electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008853","descriptor_name":"Microscopy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008853","descriptor_name":"Microscopy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008853","descriptor_name":"Microscopy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017173","descriptor_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017173","descriptor_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017173","descriptor_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","qualifier_ui":"Q000302","qualifier_name":"isolation & purification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017173","descriptor_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017173","descriptor_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017173","descriptor_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19061468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061468","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1468/pdf?version=1553584940","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30917520","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30917520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:oops.uni-oldenburg.de:4491","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400585","display_name":"Carl von Ossiezky University of Oldenburg","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c9ab344f08f24998b7fb2bca6b4e443c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c9ab344f08f24998b7fb2bca6b4e443c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 6, p 1468 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5465228","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6471353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kobv.de-opus4-uni-potsdam:49917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/49917","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400594","display_name":"publish.UP (University of Potsdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I176453806","host_organization_name":"University of Potsdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176453806"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/6/1468/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061468","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19061468","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061468","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1468/pdf?version=1553584940","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2924221271.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2924221271.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539869680","https://openalex.org/W1905117163","https://openalex.org/W1944127002","https://openalex.org/W1977863971","https://openalex.org/W1978993067","https://openalex.org/W1996646269","https://openalex.org/W1997769166","https://openalex.org/W2014829418","https://openalex.org/W2028236303","https://openalex.org/W2048716406","https://openalex.org/W2054053756","https://openalex.org/W2057882511","https://openalex.org/W2074798626","https://openalex.org/W2104431608","https://openalex.org/W2132556925","https://openalex.org/W2137659599","https://openalex.org/W2143382278","https://openalex.org/W2151969485","https://openalex.org/W2158474392","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2277288473","https://openalex.org/W2566599562","https://openalex.org/W2622243049","https://openalex.org/W2766333637","https://openalex.org/W2802235444","https://openalex.org/W2897389419","https://openalex.org/W2952739892","https://openalex.org/W7075607627"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386106354","https://openalex.org/W2517391003","https://openalex.org/W2385625896","https://openalex.org/W119975033","https://openalex.org/W2080823790","https://openalex.org/W2201509369","https://openalex.org/W2044594887","https://openalex.org/W1532628279","https://openalex.org/W2008350978","https://openalex.org/W2607350649"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"nematode":[1],"Caenorhabditis":[2],"elegans":[3,50,63,87,108],"(C.":[4],"elegans)":[5],"is":[6],"often":[7],"used":[8],"as":[9,19,70,72],"an":[10],"alternative":[11],"animal":[12],"model":[13,33],"due":[14],"to":[15,84],"several":[16],"advantages":[17],"such":[18],"morphological":[20],"changes":[21],"that":[22],"can":[23],"be":[24],"seen":[25],"directly":[26],"under":[27],"a":[28,89,97,114],"microscope.":[29],"Limitations":[30],"of":[31,37,44,48,58,61,73,81,117,129,136,140,148],"the":[32,35,45,55,59,79,94,110,126,145,149],"include":[34],"usage":[36],"expensive":[38],"and":[39,42,103,109,138,142],"cumbersome":[40],"microscopes,":[41,75],"restrictions":[43],"comprehensive":[46],"use":[47],"C.":[49,62,86,107,130],"for":[51,105,125],"toxicological":[52],"trials.":[53],"With":[54],"general":[56,146],"applicability":[57],"detection":[60,128],"from":[64],"microscope":[65,99],"images":[66],"via":[67,113],"machine":[68],"learning,":[69],"well":[71],"smartphone-based":[74,82,98],"this":[76],"article":[77,95],"investigates":[78],"suitability":[80],"microscopy":[83],"detect":[85],"in":[88],"complete":[90],"Petri":[91],"dish.":[92],"Thereby,":[93],"introduces":[96],"(including":[100],"optics,":[101],"lighting,":[102],"housing)":[104],"monitoring":[106],"corresponding":[111],"classification":[112,134],"trained":[115],"Histogram":[116],"Oriented":[118],"Gradients":[119],"(HOG)":[120],"feature-based":[121],"Support":[122],"Vector":[123],"Machine":[124],"automatic":[127],"elegans.":[131],"Evaluation":[132],"showed":[133],"sensitivity":[135],"0.90":[137],"specificity":[139],"0.85,":[141],"thereby":[143],"confirms":[144],"practicability":[147],"chosen":[150],"approach.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
