{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2924384958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061446","title":"Multi-Server Multi-User Multi-Task Computation Offloading for Mobile Edge Computing Networks","display_name":"Multi-Server Multi-User Multi-Task Computation Offloading for Mobile Edge Computing Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2924384958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061446","mag":"2924384958","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30909657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19061446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061446","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1446/pdf?version=1553660982","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1446/pdf?version=1553660982","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075538786","display_name":"Liang Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6924-4466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6924-4466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071461704","display_name":"Feng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7015-1467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101929963","display_name":"Luxin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3121-0364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luxin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076938763","display_name":"Liping Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6210-2617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liping Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6210-2617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009949980","display_name":"Yuan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2777-7915"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55712492","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02djqfd08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2777-7915","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075538786"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55712492"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":13.1941,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":116,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98995093,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"6","first_page":"1446","last_page":"1446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9693999886512756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7819763422012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.6965746879577637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.635696530342102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.5885699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.553922176361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5263672471046448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5120816826820374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.47592809796333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.42716965079307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.41291293501853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.3933301866054535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.38069263100624084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3544941842556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10193419456481934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09222078323364258}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7819763422012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.6965746879577637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.635696530342102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.5885699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.553922176361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5263672471046448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5120816826820374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.47592809796333313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.42716965079307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.41291293501853943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.3933301866054535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38069263100624084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3544941842556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10193419456481934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09222078323364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19061446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061446","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1446/pdf?version=1553660982","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30909657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30909657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7596c5fabd0b4a2e9469b8621b01d9e8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7596c5fabd0b4a2e9469b8621b01d9e8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 6, p 1446 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5464987","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6470783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/6/1446/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19061446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061446","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1446/pdf?version=1553660982","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1173944887","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LY19F020033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3526576068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LR16F010003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3849265064","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LR16F010003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4374485208","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LY19F020033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4676167506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61502428, 61572440","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5999465760","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61502428","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7647193045","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61572440","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2924384958.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2924384958.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182605591","https://openalex.org/W914916633","https://openalex.org/W2001427579","https://openalex.org/W2042738017","https://openalex.org/W2080017588","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2142442427","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2160886020","https://openalex.org/W2195423816","https://openalex.org/W2397723600","https://openalex.org/W2486013602","https://openalex.org/W2510227756","https://openalex.org/W2516316490","https://openalex.org/W2522153945","https://openalex.org/W2595019094","https://openalex.org/W2599095948","https://openalex.org/W2608659040","https://openalex.org/W2754272363","https://openalex.org/W2761545465","https://openalex.org/W2769078189","https://openalex.org/W2772526503","https://openalex.org/W2774980232","https://openalex.org/W2780799698","https://openalex.org/W2789414605","https://openalex.org/W2795311009","https://openalex.org/W2796352555","https://openalex.org/W2896945154","https://openalex.org/W2897268940","https://openalex.org/W2902006351","https://openalex.org/W2903874029","https://openalex.org/W2912388589","https://openalex.org/W2920581164","https://openalex.org/W2962851396","https://openalex.org/W2962856838","https://openalex.org/W2962981020","https://openalex.org/W2964054168","https://openalex.org/W2964098968","https://openalex.org/W4206434639","https://openalex.org/W6725987097"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200420173","https://openalex.org/W4225987626","https://openalex.org/W3120617837","https://openalex.org/W3127808443","https://openalex.org/W2916011811","https://openalex.org/W3034137700","https://openalex.org/W4362496467","https://openalex.org/W2896883851","https://openalex.org/W2902693277","https://openalex.org/W4378977105"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"studies":[2],"mobile":[3],"edge":[4,19,55],"computing":[5],"(MEC)":[6],"networks":[7],"where":[8],"multiple":[9,18],"wireless":[10],"devices":[11],"(WDs)":[12],"offload":[13],"their":[14],"computation":[15,28,67],"tasks":[16,29],"to":[17,37,45,48,70,80,113],"servers":[20,56],"and":[21,49,79,93],"one":[22,52],"cloud":[23,59],"server.":[24,60],"Considering":[25],"different":[26,31],"real-time":[27],"at":[30,41,51],"WDs,":[32],"every":[33],"task":[34],"is":[35,149],"decided":[36],"be":[38,46],"processed":[39,50],"locally":[40],"its":[42],"WD":[43],"or":[44,57],"offloaded":[47],"of":[53,73,75],"the":[54,58,76,125,132,136,154],"In":[61],"this":[62],"paper,":[63],"we":[64],"investigate":[65],"low-complexity":[66],"offloading":[68,98,141],"policies":[69],"guarantee":[71,128],"quality":[72],"service":[74],"MEC":[77,105],"network":[78],"minimize":[81],"WDs'":[82],"energy":[83],"consumption.":[84],"Specifically,":[85],"both":[86],"a":[87,94,110],"linear":[88],"programing":[89],"relaxation-based":[90],"(LR-based)":[91],"algorithm":[92,100,138],"distributed":[95],"deep":[96],"learning-based":[97],"(DDLO)":[99],"are":[101],"independently":[102],"studied":[103],"for":[104],"networks.":[106],"We":[107],"further":[108],"propose":[109],"heterogeneous":[111],"DDLO":[112,126,137],"achieve":[114],"better":[115,129],"convergence":[116],"performance":[117,130],"than":[118,131,145,153],"DDLO.":[119],"Extensive":[120],"numerical":[121],"results":[122],"show":[123],"that":[124],"algorithms":[127],"LR-based":[133,155],"algorithm.":[134,156],"Furthermore,":[135],"generates":[139],"an":[140],"decision":[142],"in":[143],"less":[144],"1":[146],"millisecond,":[147],"which":[148],"several":[150],"orders":[151],"faster":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}