{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2924161473","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061397","title":"Development and Characterization of Thermal Flow Sensors for Non-Invasive Measurements in HVAC Systems","display_name":"Development and Characterization of Thermal Flow Sensors for Non-Invasive Measurements in HVAC Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2924161473","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061397","mag":"2924161473","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30901894"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19061397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061397","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1397/pdf?version=1574423809","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1397/pdf?version=1574423809","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006251571","display_name":"Samir \u0106erimovi\u0107","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132976966","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t f\u00fcr Weiterbildung Krems","ror":"https://ror.org/03ef4a036","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132976966"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samir Cerimovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Integrated Sensor Systems, Danube University Krems, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Integrated Sensor Systems, Danube University Krems, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132976966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090013080","display_name":"Albert Treytl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5383-0348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132976966","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t f\u00fcr Weiterbildung Krems","ror":"https://ror.org/03ef4a036","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132976966"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Treytl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Integrated Sensor Systems, Danube University Krems, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Integrated Sensor Systems, Danube University Krems, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132976966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052993342","display_name":"Thomas Glatzl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132976966","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t f\u00fcr Weiterbildung Krems","ror":"https://ror.org/03ef4a036","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132976966"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Glatzl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Integrated Sensor Systems, Danube University Krems, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Integrated Sensor Systems, Danube University Krems, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132976966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009971879","display_name":"Roman Beigelbeck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132976966","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t f\u00fcr Weiterbildung Krems","ror":"https://ror.org/03ef4a036","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132976966"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roman Beigelbeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Integrated Sensor Systems, Danube University Krems, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Integrated Sensor Systems, Danube University Krems, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132976966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068353680","display_name":"Franz Keplinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6061-3090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franz Keplinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna University of Technology, A-1040 Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090568831","display_name":"Thilo Sauter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1559-8394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132976966","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t f\u00fcr Weiterbildung Krems","ror":"https://ror.org/03ef4a036","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132976966"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thilo Sauter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Integrated Sensor Systems, Danube University Krems, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Integrated Sensor Systems, Danube University Krems, A-2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132976966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006251571"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132976966"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.8108,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71559953,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"6","first_page":"1397","last_page":"1397"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12537","display_name":"Flow Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11529","display_name":"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hvac","display_name":"HVAC","score":0.7651095390319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volumetric-flow-rate","display_name":"Volumetric flow rate","score":0.572501540184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","score":0.564026951789856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.5287038087844849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.505817174911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.5023214817047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-measurement","display_name":"Flow measurement","score":0.4930090606212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-measurement","display_name":"Temperature measurement","score":0.463908851146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.435009241104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.41821837425231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4108763337135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.40408575534820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3301701545715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31303203105926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-conditioning","display_name":"Air conditioning","score":0.27599748969078064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.21534109115600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10166865587234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.09603053331375122}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122346748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773","display_name":"HVAC","level":3,"score":0.7651095390319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172120300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134348","display_name":"Volumetric flow rate","level":2,"score":0.572501540184021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.564026951789856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.5287038087844849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.505817174911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5023214817047119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16302685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15091623","display_name":"Flow measurement","level":2,"score":0.4930090606212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72293138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Temperature measurement","level":2,"score":0.463908851146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.435009241104126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.41821837425231934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4108763337135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.40408575534820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3301701545715332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31303203105926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.27599748969078064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.21534109115600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10166865587234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.09603053331375122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19061397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061397","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1397/pdf?version=1574423809","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30901894","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30901894","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a686ec39cd98419cb8a2aa6ec3ae345b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a686ec39cd98419cb8a2aa6ec3ae345b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 6, p 1397 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5465123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6471119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/6/1397/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19061397","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061397","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1397/pdf?version=1574423809","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6298662937","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"854641","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323031","funder_display_name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323031","display_name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/028jc0449"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2924161473.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W631321264","https://openalex.org/W1613768851","https://openalex.org/W1975631503","https://openalex.org/W1976875170","https://openalex.org/W2003351691","https://openalex.org/W2004224613","https://openalex.org/W2007587864","https://openalex.org/W2015400894","https://openalex.org/W2069796872","https://openalex.org/W2084757726","https://openalex.org/W2091980860","https://openalex.org/W2116102522","https://openalex.org/W2152549847","https://openalex.org/W2469115065","https://openalex.org/W2506500377","https://openalex.org/W3104819523","https://openalex.org/W3144444121","https://openalex.org/W4253040661","https://openalex.org/W6636406791"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2937314749","https://openalex.org/W2986546793","https://openalex.org/W2106183319","https://openalex.org/W2972282085","https://openalex.org/W2357641921","https://openalex.org/W2096655923","https://openalex.org/W2320931015","https://openalex.org/W2945087272","https://openalex.org/W2319364666","https://openalex.org/W2945555237"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"investigated":[1,123],"non-invasive":[2],"flow":[3,26,50,86,97],"rate":[4],"measurements":[5,134],"in":[6,124],"heating,":[7],"ventilation,":[8],"and":[9,32,88,119],"air":[10],"conditioning":[11],"(HVAC)":[12],"systems":[13],"utilizing":[14],"thermal":[15,25],"transduction":[16,27],"instead":[17],"of":[18,42,65,139,147],"commonly":[19],"used":[20,91],"ultrasonic":[21],"techniques.":[22],"The":[23,74],"proposed":[24],"comprises":[28],"two":[29,106],"temperature":[30,53,71,75],"sensors":[31],"a":[33,136],"heater,":[34,67],"all":[35],"mounted":[36,63],"non-invasively":[37],"on":[38,83],"the":[39,48,56,60,66,69,78,84,94,99,145],"outer":[40],"surface":[41],"metal-pipes":[43],"and,":[44],"therefore,":[45],"not":[46],"disturbing":[47],"fluid":[49,70,85,140],"inside.":[51],"One":[52],"sensor":[54,107],"measures":[55],"heater":[57,79],"temperature,":[58],"whereas":[59],"other":[61,112],"one,":[62],"upstream":[64],"follows":[68],"for":[72],"reference.":[73],"difference":[76],"(i.e.,":[77],"excess":[80],"temperature)":[81],"depends":[82],"velocity":[87],"can":[89],"be":[90],"to":[92,130],"derive":[93],"mean":[95],"volume":[96],"inside":[98],"pipe.":[100],"Experimental":[101],"characterizations":[102],"were":[103,122],"conducted":[104],"using":[105],"prototypes.":[108],"Beside":[109],"output":[110],"characteristics,":[111],"main":[113],"issues":[114],"such":[115],"as":[116],"dynamic":[117],"behavior":[118],"noise":[120],"density":[121],"detail.":[125],"Special":[126],"attention":[127],"was":[128],"paid":[129],"error":[131],"compensation":[132],"allowing":[133],"within":[135],"large":[137],"range":[138],"temperatures.":[141],"Measurement":[142],"results":[143],"confirm":[144],"feasibility":[146],"this":[148],"approach,":[149],"however":[150],"with":[151],"some":[152],"constraints":[153],"regarding":[154],"response":[155],"time.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
