{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2921366156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061313","title":"Towards Void Hole Alleviation by Exploiting the Energy Efficient Path and by Providing the Interference-Free Proactive Routing Protocols in IoT Enabled Underwater WSNs","display_name":"Towards Void Hole Alleviation by Exploiting the Energy Efficient Path and by Providing the Interference-Free Proactive Routing Protocols in IoT Enabled Underwater WSNs","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2921366156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061313","mag":"2921366156","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30884749"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19061313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061313","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1313/pdf?version=1553226201","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1313/pdf?version=1553226201","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020522482","display_name":"Muhammad Awais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-6796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Awais","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-6796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055380996","display_name":"Nadeem Javaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-8249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nadeem Javaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062125413","display_name":"Amjad Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3817-2655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135077","display_name":"Al Yamamah University","ror":"https://ror.org/036b03a90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135077"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amjad Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Systems, Al Yamamah University, Riyadh 11512, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3817-2655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Systems, Al Yamamah University, Riyadh 11512, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062902350","display_name":"Umar Qasim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0355-7731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umar Qasim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cameron Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cameron Library, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052648906","display_name":"Musaed Alhussein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-6778"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Musaed Alhussein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014562556","display_name":"Khursheed Aurangzeb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-8578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khursheed Aurangzeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055380996"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.6385,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88431489,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"6","first_page":"1313","last_page":"1313"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.7374908328056335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7319321632385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-state-routing-protocol","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","score":0.6448637247085571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.602300763130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equal-cost-multi-path-routing","display_name":"Equal-cost multi-path routing","score":0.5548176765441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.5334641337394714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-routing","display_name":"Static routing","score":0.5234864950180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-information-protocol","display_name":"Routing Information Protocol","score":0.458651065826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-routing","display_name":"Multipath routing","score":0.4503154754638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-based-routing","display_name":"Policy-based routing","score":0.41978639364242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.38855844736099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.342599481344223}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7374908328056335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7319321632385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.6448637247085571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.602300763130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115443555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5367790","display_name":"Equal-cost multi-path routing","level":5,"score":0.5548176765441895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.5334641337394714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.5234864950180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7573999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207580","display_name":"Routing Information Protocol","level":5,"score":0.458651065826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.4503154754638672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196423136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209671","display_name":"Policy-based routing","level":5,"score":0.41978639364242554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.38855844736099243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.342599481344223}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19061313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061313","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1313/pdf?version=1553226201","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30884749","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30884749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a062fabbbae2465986ae3423a0e19828","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a062fabbbae2465986ae3423a0e19828","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 6, p 1313 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:149808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/149808/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5465422","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6471835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/6/1313/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19061313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061313","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/6/1313/pdf?version=1553226201","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4465943965","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RG-1438-034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","funder_display_name":"King Saud University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2921366156.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2921366156.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1834771425","https://openalex.org/W2027021827","https://openalex.org/W2048124977","https://openalex.org/W2055495204","https://openalex.org/W2085350344","https://openalex.org/W2107462665","https://openalex.org/W2294734859","https://openalex.org/W2586497843","https://openalex.org/W2599062752","https://openalex.org/W2746669670","https://openalex.org/W2759916580","https://openalex.org/W2766886387","https://openalex.org/W2782183607","https://openalex.org/W2783316198","https://openalex.org/W2793416061","https://openalex.org/W2793844358","https://openalex.org/W2796014903","https://openalex.org/W2803904107","https://openalex.org/W2804112984","https://openalex.org/W2805339016","https://openalex.org/W2810297972","https://openalex.org/W2837738622","https://openalex.org/W2883982942","https://openalex.org/W2887874109","https://openalex.org/W2890596531","https://openalex.org/W2899351752"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181601090","https://openalex.org/W2148093630","https://openalex.org/W4253436398","https://openalex.org/W2607223747","https://openalex.org/W2351878639","https://openalex.org/W2556128816","https://openalex.org/W2369989480","https://openalex.org/W3046124320","https://openalex.org/W4211082391","https://openalex.org/W2149643156"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"the":[1,46,49,59,62,66,93,98,129,132,152,166,175,178,187,192],"Internet":[2],"of":[3,33,61,111,177],"Things":[4],"enabled":[5],"Underwater":[6,103],"Wireless":[7,104],"Sensor":[8,105],"Network":[9,106],"(IoT-UWSN)":[10],"is":[11,157],"suffering":[12],"from":[13],"serious":[14],"performance":[15,60,176],"restrictions,":[16],"i.e.,":[17],"high":[18,123],"End":[19,21],"to":[20,96,150,173],"(E2E)":[22],"delay,":[23],"low":[24,27,55],"energy":[25],"efficiency,":[26],"data":[28,100],"reliability,":[29],"etc.":[30],"The":[31,108],"necessity":[32],"efficient,":[34],"reliable,":[35],"collision":[36],"and":[37,54,81,86,122,149,183],"interference-free":[38,117],"communication":[39],"has":[40],"become":[41],"a":[42],"challenging":[43],"task":[44],"for":[45,131,146],"researchers.":[47],"However,":[48],"minimum":[50,115],"Energy":[51],"Consumption":[52],"(EC)":[53],"E2E":[56],"delay":[57],"increase":[58],"IoT-UWSN.":[63],"Therefore,":[64],"in":[65,102],"current":[67],"work,":[68],"two":[69],"proactive":[70,162],"routing":[71,134,163,180,189],"protocols":[72,135,190],"are":[73,136,143],"presented,":[74],"namely:":[75],"Bellman\u207bFord":[76],"Shortest":[77],"Path-based":[78,83],"Routing":[79,88],"(BF-SPR-Three)":[80],"Energy-efficient":[82],"Void":[84],"hole":[85,120],"Interference-free":[87],"(EP-VIR-Three).":[89],"Then":[90],"we":[91],"formalized":[92],"aforementioned":[94],"problems":[95],"accomplish":[97],"reliable":[99],"transmission":[101],"(UWSN).":[107],"main":[109],"objectives":[110],"this":[112],"paper":[113],"include":[114],"EC,":[116],"transmission,":[118],"void":[119],"avoidance":[121],"Packet":[124],"Delivery":[125],"Ratio":[126],"(PDR).":[127],"Furthermore,":[128],"algorithms":[130],"proposed":[133,179,188],"presented.":[137],"Feasible":[138],"regions":[139],"using":[140],"linear":[141],"programming":[142],"also":[144,158],"computed":[145],"optimal":[147],"EC":[148],"enhance":[151],"network":[153],"lifespan.":[154],"Comparative":[155],"analysis":[156],"performed":[159,172],"with":[160],"state-of-the-art":[161],"protocols.":[164,181],"In":[165],"end,":[167],"extensive":[168],"simulations":[169],"have":[170],"been":[171],"authenticate":[174],"Results":[182],"discussion":[184],"disclose":[185],"that":[186],"outperformed":[191],"counterparts":[193],"significantly.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
