{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2920484357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19051153","title":"Visible Light Communication: A System Perspective\u2014Overview and Challenges","display_name":"Visible Light Communication: A System Perspective\u2014Overview and Challenges","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2920484357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19051153","mag":"2920484357","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30866473"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19051153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19051153","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/5/1153/pdf?version=1551945976","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/5/1153/pdf?version=1551945976","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019618306","display_name":"Saeed Ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2159-865X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39854758","display_name":"Auckland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zvqw119","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058630799","display_name":"Shakir Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1506-6128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39854758","display_name":"Auckland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zvqw119","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shakir Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089805066","display_name":"Peter Han Joo Chong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5375-8961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39854758","display_name":"Auckland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zvqw119","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082853606","display_name":"Sira Yongchareon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2880-6618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39854758","display_name":"Auckland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zvqw119","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sira Yongchareon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology and Software Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology and Software Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023028090","display_name":"Dan Komosn\u00fd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6551-7997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Komosny","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 12, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019618306"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":15.0155,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":250,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99384068,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"5","first_page":"1153","last_page":"1153"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9679999947547913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.9859542846679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.6392728090286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6160420179367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6122394800186157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.5365320444107056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.4741900861263275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.4613414406776428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3375442326068878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.20964738726615906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.18510934710502625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1759643852710724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12314671277999878}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.9859542846679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6392728090286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6160420179367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6122394800186157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.5365320444107056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.4741900861263275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.4613414406776428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3375442326068878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20964738726615906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.18510934710502625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1759643852710724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12314671277999878}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19051153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19051153","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/5/1153/pdf?version=1551945976","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30866473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30866473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://dspace.vut.cz:11012/180469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11012/180469","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11012/180469","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400317","display_name":"Brno University of Technology Digital Library (Brno University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","host_organization_name":"Brno University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6ecc947b68f24906a4f343d48360c24a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6ecc947b68f24906a4f343d48360c24a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 5, p 1153 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5445545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6427442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/5/1153/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openrepository.aut.ac.nz:10292/13155","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10292/13155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401809","display_name":"Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I39854758","host_organization_name":"Auckland University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39854758"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19051153","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19051153","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/5/1153/pdf?version=1551945976","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2920484357.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2920484357.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W613710674","https://openalex.org/W628907222","https://openalex.org/W1532750894","https://openalex.org/W1533619695","https://openalex.org/W1545663851","https://openalex.org/W1964315630","https://openalex.org/W1973425019","https://openalex.org/W1978488230","https://openalex.org/W1983005867","https://openalex.org/W1986110854","https://openalex.org/W2017177253","https://openalex.org/W2027781082","https://openalex.org/W2031968135","https://openalex.org/W2036062012","https://openalex.org/W2042145627","https://openalex.org/W2050304483","https://openalex.org/W2050835902","https://openalex.org/W2052482532","https://openalex.org/W2060177410","https://openalex.org/W2060358508","https://openalex.org/W2061394591","https://openalex.org/W2064288282","https://openalex.org/W2069556596","https://openalex.org/W2075863084","https://openalex.org/W2080333652","https://openalex.org/W2095277078","https://openalex.org/W2102950464","https://openalex.org/W2105370602","https://openalex.org/W2105580634","https://openalex.org/W2109430601","https://openalex.org/W2111697380","https://openalex.org/W2120823019","https://openalex.org/W2129939749","https://openalex.org/W2142857881","https://openalex.org/W2157971657","https://openalex.org/W2182833550","https://openalex.org/W2226613999","https://openalex.org/W2257369926","https://openalex.org/W2289021802","https://openalex.org/W2294612870","https://openalex.org/W2295039895","https://openalex.org/W2323702888","https://openalex.org/W2340622595","https://openalex.org/W2507228165","https://openalex.org/W2518054932","https://openalex.org/W2524986211","https://openalex.org/W2531938265","https://openalex.org/W2531995745","https://openalex.org/W2533892207","https://openalex.org/W2534237626","https://openalex.org/W2551918095","https://openalex.org/W2555938356","https://openalex.org/W2564116139","https://openalex.org/W2575026830","https://openalex.org/W2581773153","https://openalex.org/W2587227857","https://openalex.org/W2589604173","https://openalex.org/W2592115486","https://openalex.org/W2598807358","https://openalex.org/W2605396789","https://openalex.org/W2613228701","https://openalex.org/W2619151842","https://openalex.org/W2693192710","https://openalex.org/W2728773139","https://openalex.org/W2740572477","https://openalex.org/W2741756906","https://openalex.org/W2742405433","https://openalex.org/W2749750670","https://openalex.org/W2754978888","https://openalex.org/W2762081617","https://openalex.org/W2762518394","https://openalex.org/W2762660266","https://openalex.org/W2763434286","https://openalex.org/W2768116262","https://openalex.org/W2768511565","https://openalex.org/W2769189783","https://openalex.org/W2769654378","https://openalex.org/W2773192095","https://openalex.org/W2782301536","https://openalex.org/W2785938783","https://openalex.org/W2790755178","https://openalex.org/W2794308521","https://openalex.org/W2797886947","https://openalex.org/W2804071591","https://openalex.org/W2883271860","https://openalex.org/W2889498184","https://openalex.org/W2898575554","https://openalex.org/W2898757857","https://openalex.org/W2901287183","https://openalex.org/W2962708176","https://openalex.org/W2963417810","https://openalex.org/W2963736528","https://openalex.org/W3173761087","https://openalex.org/W4237098088","https://openalex.org/W4300586041","https://openalex.org/W6657437642","https://openalex.org/W6737692218","https://openalex.org/W6742714505","https://openalex.org/W6748988990"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092083332","https://openalex.org/W4296990932","https://openalex.org/W2351254294","https://openalex.org/W3102516704","https://openalex.org/W2345910612","https://openalex.org/W2382506394","https://openalex.org/W2090275515","https://openalex.org/W1995626081","https://openalex.org/W2802124725","https://openalex.org/W2886374543"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visible":[0],"light":[1,25],"communication":[2,48,58],"(VLC)":[3],"is":[4,19,30,61],"a":[5,90],"new":[6],"paradigm":[7],"that":[8,29],"could":[9],"revolutionise":[10],"the":[11,23,40,50,64,80,97,106],"future":[12],"of":[13,42,53,67,93,110],"wireless":[14],"communication.":[15],"In":[16],"VLC,":[17],"information":[18],"transmitted":[20],"through":[21],"modulating":[22],"visible":[24],"spectrum":[26],"(400\u207b700":[27],"nm)":[28],"used":[31],"for":[32],"illumination.":[33],"Analytical":[34],"and":[35,57,102,108],"experimental":[36],"work":[37],"has":[38],"shown":[39],"potential":[41,103],"VLC":[43,60,94],"to":[44],"provide":[45],"high-speed":[46],"data":[47],"with":[49,96],"added":[51],"advantage":[52],"improved":[54],"energy":[55],"efficiency":[56],"security/privacy.":[59],"still":[62],"in":[63],"early":[65],"phase":[66],"research.":[68,83],"There":[69],"are":[70],"fewer":[71],"review":[72],"articles":[73],"published":[74],"on":[75,99],"this":[76,87],"topic":[77],"mostly":[78],"addressing":[79],"physical":[81],"layer":[82],"Unlike":[84],"other":[85],"reviews,":[86],"article":[88],"gives":[89],"system":[91],"prespective":[92],"along":[95],"survey":[98],"existing":[100],"literature":[101],"challenges":[104],"toward":[105],"implementation":[107],"integration":[109],"VLC.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T09:24:06.705377","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}