{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2917406747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040939","title":"Estimating Visibility of Annotations for View Management in Spatial Augmented Reality Based on Machine-Learning Techniques","display_name":"Estimating Visibility of Annotations for View Management in Spatial Augmented Reality Based on Machine-Learning Techniques","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2917406747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040939","mag":"2917406747","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30813372"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19040939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040939","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/4/939/pdf?version=1551145791","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/4/939/pdf?version=1551145791","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065800514","display_name":"Keita Ichihashi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92614990","display_name":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qg0kr10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Keita Ichihashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017820390","display_name":"Kaori Fujinami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-2812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92614990","display_name":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qg0kr10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kaori Fujinami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-2812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017820390","https://openalex.org/A5065800514"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.5685,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66961699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"939","last_page":"939"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.765383243560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7505075931549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5594868063926697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.5187468528747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5041540861129761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4680224359035492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.44746240973472595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.26171422004699707}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.765383243560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7505075931549072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5594868063926697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.5187468528747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5041540861129761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4680224359035492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.44746240973472595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.26171422004699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19040939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040939","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/4/939/pdf?version=1551145791","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30813372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30813372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f5e1f13cbb43404d8f0d23d861706c7e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f5e1f13cbb43404d8f0d23d861706c7e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 4, p 939 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5431238","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6412218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/4/939/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6412218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6412218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19040939","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040939","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/4/939/pdf?version=1551145791","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5743541609","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant-in-Aid for Scientfic Research (C) No. 15K00265","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320912","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/048rj2z13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W356687946","https://openalex.org/W1484547789","https://openalex.org/W1901973994","https://openalex.org/W1967454424","https://openalex.org/W1969744418","https://openalex.org/W1973469315","https://openalex.org/W1974103926","https://openalex.org/W1976742034","https://openalex.org/W1977542845","https://openalex.org/W1977862447","https://openalex.org/W1984644304","https://openalex.org/W1987394044","https://openalex.org/W1996592250","https://openalex.org/W2003304826","https://openalex.org/W2024585795","https://openalex.org/W2030441016","https://openalex.org/W2044465660","https://openalex.org/W2050099917","https://openalex.org/W2054680520","https://openalex.org/W2062632861","https://openalex.org/W2080575740","https://openalex.org/W2089169728","https://openalex.org/W2100470808","https://openalex.org/W2101862323","https://openalex.org/W2122122381","https://openalex.org/W2126152519","https://openalex.org/W2127060487","https://openalex.org/W2132869195","https://openalex.org/W2134275275","https://openalex.org/W2141660813","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2153519667","https://openalex.org/W2345651425","https://openalex.org/W2500057728","https://openalex.org/W2503242045","https://openalex.org/W2565851829","https://openalex.org/W2604175838","https://openalex.org/W2615725322","https://openalex.org/W2724657720","https://openalex.org/W2742431581","https://openalex.org/W2750200490","https://openalex.org/W2778512718","https://openalex.org/W4213078714","https://openalex.org/W4233205063","https://openalex.org/W4240032041","https://openalex.org/W4299623448","https://openalex.org/W6629014298"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172197285","https://openalex.org/W2392812199","https://openalex.org/W4200176076","https://openalex.org/W2991048842","https://openalex.org/W598185802","https://openalex.org/W2750280393","https://openalex.org/W2355696739","https://openalex.org/W3158001554","https://openalex.org/W2771909920","https://openalex.org/W2355516524"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Augmented":[0],"Reality":[1],"(AR)":[2],"is":[3,24,54,133],"a":[4,41,45,109,196,202],"class":[5],"of":[6,59,83,127,140,184,201,225,239,248,262,274],"\"mediated":[7],"reality\"":[8],"that":[9,117,172,260],"artificially":[10],"modifies":[11],"the":[12,20,57,60,70,125,128,131,138,148,153,157,159,162,170,199,236,263,269,275],"human":[13],"perception":[14],"by":[15],"superimposing":[16],"virtual":[17],"objects":[18,258],"on":[19,68,124,136],"real":[21],"world,":[22],"which":[23],"expected":[25],"to":[26,47,55,152,168,234,243],"supplement":[27],"reality.":[28],"In":[29,104],"visual-based":[30],"augmentation,":[31],"text":[32],"and":[33,63,93,120,145,161,181,210,216,229,257],"graphics,":[34],"i.e.,":[35],"label,":[36,197],"are":[37,193,221,232],"often":[38],"associated":[39,61],"with":[40,227,245,254,268],"physical":[42],"object":[43],"or":[44],"place":[46],"describe":[48],"it.":[49],"View":[50],"management":[51,74,111],"in":[52,150,178,187],"AR":[53,100],"maintain":[56],"visibility":[58,149,171,200,219,278],"information":[62,132,180],"plays":[64],"an":[65],"important":[66],"role":[67],"communicating":[69],"information.":[71],"Various":[72],"view":[73,110],"techniques":[75,167],"have":[76,85,95],"been":[77,86,96],"investigated":[78,97],"so":[79],"far;":[80],"however,":[81],"most":[82],"them":[84],"designed":[87],"for":[88,98,113,195,214],"two":[89],"dimensional":[90],"see-through":[91],"displays,":[92],"few":[94],"projector-based":[99],"called":[101],"spatial":[102,114,154],"AR.":[103],"this":[105],"article,":[106],"we":[107],"propose":[108],"method":[112],"AR,":[115],"VisLP,":[116],"places":[118],"labels":[119],"linkage":[121,203,217,276],"lines":[122],"based":[123],"estimation":[126],"visibility.":[129],"Since":[130],"directly":[134],"projected":[135],"objects,":[137,160],"nature":[139],"optics":[141],"such":[142],"as":[143],"reflection":[144],"refraction":[146],"constrains":[147],"addition":[151],"relationship":[155],"between":[156],"information,":[158],"user.":[163],"VisLP":[164],"employs":[165],"machine-learning":[166],"estimate":[169],"reflects":[173],"human's":[174],"subjective":[175],"mental":[176],"workload":[177],"reading":[179,185],"objective":[182],"measures":[183],"correctness":[186],"various":[188],"projection":[189],"conditions.":[190],"Four":[191],"classes":[192],"defined":[194],"while":[198,272],"line":[204,218,277],"has":[205],"three":[206],"classes.":[207],"After":[208],"88":[209],"28":[211],"classification":[212,249],"features":[213,226,231],"label":[215],"estimators":[220],"designed,":[222],"respectively,":[223],"subsets":[224],"15":[228],"14":[230],"chosen":[233],"improve":[235],"processing":[237],"speed":[238],"feature":[240],"calculation":[241],"up":[242],"170%,":[244],"slight":[246],"degradation":[247],"performance.":[250],"An":[251],"online":[252],"experiment":[253],"new":[255],"users":[256],"showed":[259],"76.0%":[261],"system's":[264],"judgments":[265],"were":[266,280],"matched":[267],"users'":[270],"evaluations,":[271],"73%":[273],"estimations":[279],"matched.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
