{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2917056453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040877","title":"Review of Fiber Optic Sensors for Structural Fire Engineering","display_name":"Review of Fiber Optic Sensors for Structural Fire Engineering","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2917056453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040877","mag":"2917056453","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30791563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19040877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040877","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/4/877/pdf?version=1550736744","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/4/877/pdf?version=1550736744","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060686446","display_name":"Yi Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-2077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-2077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062802994","display_name":"Ying Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4119-9522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57328836","display_name":"North Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h1bnb22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57328836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003535413","display_name":"Matthew S. Hoehler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6049-7560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew S. Hoehler","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6049-7560","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057017910","display_name":"Genda Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0658-4356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Genda Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0658-4356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057017910"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":6.486,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":103,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97517482,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"4","first_page":"877","last_page":"877"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12510","display_name":"Magneto-Optical Properties and Applications","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.6958626508712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-sensor","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","score":0.6327133178710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interferometry","display_name":"Interferometry","score":0.5378263592720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-health-monitoring","display_name":"Structural health monitoring","score":0.5303034782409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45259758830070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3680278956890106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3659513592720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2239372730255127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.19893890619277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1402919590473175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09951645135879517}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.6958626508712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21651689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397427","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","level":3,"score":0.6327133178710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166689943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850283","display_name":"Interferometry","level":2,"score":0.5378263592720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776247918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423713","display_name":"Structural health monitoring","level":2,"score":0.5303034782409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45259758830070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3680278956890106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3659513592720032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2239372730255127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.19893890619277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1402919590473175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09951645135879517}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19040877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040877","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/4/877/pdf?version=1550736744","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30791563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30791563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5ee01190927847b0ac680965a9a2a244","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5ee01190927847b0ac680965a9a2a244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 4, p 877 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5431234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6412206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/4/877/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6412206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6412206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19040877","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040877","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/4/877/pdf?version=1550736744","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G440171068","display_name":"DISTRIBUTED OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR NETWORK FOR MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO FIRE","funder_award_id":"70NANB13H183","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2917056453.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":135,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W403687059","https://openalex.org/W610179687","https://openalex.org/W648919156","https://openalex.org/W1504128706","https://openalex.org/W1775192030","https://openalex.org/W1963819709","https://openalex.org/W1965266087","https://openalex.org/W1967705201","https://openalex.org/W1972336604","https://openalex.org/W1973559243","https://openalex.org/W1974799192","https://openalex.org/W1975409599","https://openalex.org/W1976904340","https://openalex.org/W1976995193","https://openalex.org/W1977185411","https://openalex.org/W1978040101","https://openalex.org/W1980281827","https://openalex.org/W1986220179","https://openalex.org/W1988553925","https://openalex.org/W1988767843","https://openalex.org/W1988949271","https://openalex.org/W1989651219","https://openalex.org/W1991654666","https://openalex.org/W1995050545","https://openalex.org/W1995410182","https://openalex.org/W1996068597","https://openalex.org/W2003189617","https://openalex.org/W2004226653","https://openalex.org/W2004623983","https://openalex.org/W2005307245","https://openalex.org/W2010965466","https://openalex.org/W2013435050","https://openalex.org/W2014453426","https://openalex.org/W2014593657","https://openalex.org/W2015493753","https://openalex.org/W2016491294","https://openalex.org/W2019967074","https://openalex.org/W2021980784","https://openalex.org/W2022966698","https://openalex.org/W2023760218","https://openalex.org/W2026090469","https://openalex.org/W2027317312","https://openalex.org/W2029269177","https://openalex.org/W2029550882","https://openalex.org/W2030555738","https://openalex.org/W2033675529","https://openalex.org/W2035119797","https://openalex.org/W2036987797","https://openalex.org/W2038524660","https://openalex.org/W2040270213","https://openalex.org/W2042301732","https://openalex.org/W2043306053","https://openalex.org/W2045846079","https://openalex.org/W2051253835","https://openalex.org/W2052795100","https://openalex.org/W2056370693","https://openalex.org/W2056381798","https://openalex.org/W2059025557","https://openalex.org/W2062682074","https://openalex.org/W2064623781","https://openalex.org/W2064634125","https://openalex.org/W2065640199","https://openalex.org/W2069224471","https://openalex.org/W2073894914","https://openalex.org/W2079487674","https://openalex.org/W2079711353","https://openalex.org/W2080835454","https://openalex.org/W2081164099","https://openalex.org/W2084999225","https://openalex.org/W2085009766","https://openalex.org/W2085336811","https://openalex.org/W2085345223","https://openalex.org/W2086750062","https://openalex.org/W2087167251","https://openalex.org/W2087721427","https://openalex.org/W2089742924","https://openalex.org/W2090707777","https://openalex.org/W2094529740","https://openalex.org/W2098297746","https://openalex.org/W2098973822","https://openalex.org/W2100671746","https://openalex.org/W2105877550","https://openalex.org/W2108194161","https://openalex.org/W2110483579","https://openalex.org/W2119891972","https://openalex.org/W2122694000","https://openalex.org/W2122773810","https://openalex.org/W2123192223","https://openalex.org/W2123372707","https://openalex.org/W2123691912","https://openalex.org/W2125023531","https://openalex.org/W2125524464","https://openalex.org/W2130446802","https://openalex.org/W2133706810","https://openalex.org/W2135677293","https://openalex.org/W2136389739","https://openalex.org/W2138415794","https://openalex.org/W2139537073","https://openalex.org/W2140409241","https://openalex.org/W2141057923","https://openalex.org/W2151066929","https://openalex.org/W2152768666","https://openalex.org/W2155165484","https://openalex.org/W2156610595","https://openalex.org/W2159673175","https://openalex.org/W2161959553","https://openalex.org/W2163415186","https://openalex.org/W2165503026","https://openalex.org/W2170489648","https://openalex.org/W2231238161","https://openalex.org/W2286713587","https://openalex.org/W2298360026","https://openalex.org/W2340978782","https://openalex.org/W2345404588","https://openalex.org/W2469394297","https://openalex.org/W2495835119","https://openalex.org/W2565369834","https://openalex.org/W2600009325","https://openalex.org/W2608395914","https://openalex.org/W2612273627","https://openalex.org/W2664438191","https://openalex.org/W2753020390","https://openalex.org/W2756555843","https://openalex.org/W2781809873","https://openalex.org/W2784742269","https://openalex.org/W2791328777","https://openalex.org/W2804039474","https://openalex.org/W2808515579","https://openalex.org/W2895067841","https://openalex.org/W2900795111","https://openalex.org/W2910278432","https://openalex.org/W4236272618","https://openalex.org/W4247933739","https://openalex.org/W6643229108","https://openalex.org/W6649420343"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056156445","https://openalex.org/W610912452","https://openalex.org/W2942569287","https://openalex.org/W2547494374","https://openalex.org/W1979506785","https://openalex.org/W2075841941","https://openalex.org/W3182082895","https://openalex.org/W1996601847","https://openalex.org/W3012181898","https://openalex.org/W141287084"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reliable":[0],"and":[1,6,88,103],"accurate":[2],"measurements":[3,77],"of":[4,37,40,93],"temperature":[5,45],"strain":[7],"in":[8,43,78],"structures":[9,42],"subjected":[10],"to":[11,16,62,75],"fire":[12],"can":[13],"be":[14],"difficult":[15],"obtain":[17],"using":[18],"traditional":[19],"sensing":[20,83],"technologies":[21],"based":[22,31],"on":[23,32],"electrical":[24],"signals.":[25],"Fiber":[26],"optic":[27,64,69,95],"sensors,":[28,65,100,102],"which":[29,55],"are":[30,97],"light":[33],"signals,":[34],"solve":[35],"many":[36],"the":[38,82],"problems":[39],"monitoring":[41],"high":[44],"environments;":[46],"however,":[47],"they":[48],"present":[49],"their":[50],"own":[51],"challenges.":[52],"This":[53],"paper,":[54],"is":[56],"intended":[57],"for":[58],"structural":[59],"engineers":[60],"new":[61],"fiber":[63,68,94],"reviews":[66],"various":[67],"sensors":[70,96],"that":[71],"have":[72],"been":[73],"used":[74],"make":[76],"structure":[79],"fires,":[80],"including":[81],"principles,":[84],"fabrication,":[85],"key":[86],"characteristics,":[87],"recently-reported":[89],"applications.":[90],"Three":[91],"categories":[92],"reviewed:":[98],"Grating-based":[99],"interferometer":[101],"distributed":[104],"sensors.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
