{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912733907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030522","title":"Investigating EEG Patterns for Dual-Stimuli Induced Human Fear Emotional State","display_name":"Investigating EEG Patterns for Dual-Stimuli Induced Human Fear Emotional State","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912733907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030522","mag":"2912733907","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30691180"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19030522","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030522","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/3/522/pdf?version=1548843711","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/3/522/pdf?version=1548843711","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084617625","display_name":"Naveen Masood","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59225215","display_name":"Bahria University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8d7770","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naveen Masood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Bahria University, Karachi 75260, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Bahria University, Karachi 75260, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022466020","display_name":"Humera Farooq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7636-6522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59225215","display_name":"Bahria University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8d7770","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Humera Farooq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Bahria University, Karachi 75260, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Bahria University, Karachi 75260, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084617625"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59225215"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.1137,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91804738,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"522","last_page":"522"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.8630234599113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-recognition","display_name":"Emotion recognition","score":0.5025389194488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4943809509277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotion-classification","display_name":"Emotion classification","score":0.4807581603527069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.47457268834114075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4704137146472931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.47035956382751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4674447774887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.44567984342575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.42821308970451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.14876163005828857}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.8630234599113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.5025389194488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4943809509277344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206310091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750859","display_name":"Emotion classification","level":2,"score":0.4807581603527069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.47457268834114075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4704137146472931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.47035956382751465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4674447774887085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.44567984342575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.42821308970451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.14876163005828857}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004644","descriptor_name":"Emotions","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005239","descriptor_name":"Fear","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005239","descriptor_name":"Fear","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005239","descriptor_name":"Fear","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19030522","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030522","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/3/522/pdf?version=1548843711","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30691180","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30691180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:02fcb22603304ba9aecc7490b687dbab","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/02fcb22603304ba9aecc7490b687dbab","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 3, p 522 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5385714","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6387207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/3/522/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030522","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6387207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6387207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19030522","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030522","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/3/522/pdf?version=1548843711","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326275","display_name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329598","display_name":"Bahria University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8d7770"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912733907.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912733907.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1947251450","https://openalex.org/W1965832795","https://openalex.org/W1967823058","https://openalex.org/W1983792647","https://openalex.org/W1984475072","https://openalex.org/W1996966741","https://openalex.org/W2000758625","https://openalex.org/W2006031372","https://openalex.org/W2025210939","https://openalex.org/W2034744369","https://openalex.org/W2060258789","https://openalex.org/W2062125287","https://openalex.org/W2072735345","https://openalex.org/W2086169854","https://openalex.org/W2090834654","https://openalex.org/W2097080550","https://openalex.org/W2099509424","https://openalex.org/W2100409538","https://openalex.org/W2109773980","https://openalex.org/W2112375889","https://openalex.org/W2112735526","https://openalex.org/W2116500643","https://openalex.org/W2120877656","https://openalex.org/W2128141618","https://openalex.org/W2129023315","https://openalex.org/W2132450666","https://openalex.org/W2134602648","https://openalex.org/W2139564752","https://openalex.org/W2140617940","https://openalex.org/W2141187875","https://openalex.org/W2152119085","https://openalex.org/W2157684370","https://openalex.org/W2163756472","https://openalex.org/W2170883741","https://openalex.org/W2231596722","https://openalex.org/W2240753140","https://openalex.org/W2293593600","https://openalex.org/W2344271072","https://openalex.org/W2346948343","https://openalex.org/W2386393684","https://openalex.org/W2400448630","https://openalex.org/W2422365436","https://openalex.org/W2430114684","https://openalex.org/W2523577021","https://openalex.org/W2537229885","https://openalex.org/W2552144562","https://openalex.org/W2582244108","https://openalex.org/W2595051438","https://openalex.org/W2610854002","https://openalex.org/W2610946628","https://openalex.org/W2625929003","https://openalex.org/W2724572411","https://openalex.org/W2765279619","https://openalex.org/W2765362197","https://openalex.org/W2791779167","https://openalex.org/W2799804987","https://openalex.org/W2808098316","https://openalex.org/W2895717704","https://openalex.org/W2937228458","https://openalex.org/W2955786985","https://openalex.org/W4242687562","https://openalex.org/W6679967756"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3126677997","https://openalex.org/W4305042383","https://openalex.org/W2546649374","https://openalex.org/W2773396412","https://openalex.org/W1550318927","https://openalex.org/W4380854332","https://openalex.org/W2184859701","https://openalex.org/W4386232293","https://openalex.org/W4379781104","https://openalex.org/W2382178633"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"electroencephalography":[1],"(EEG)":[2],"based":[3,61,81,162],"emotion":[4,47,62],"recognition":[5],"systems":[6],"make":[7],"use":[8],"of":[9,29,41,110,170,182,188],"videos":[10],"and":[11,18,87,131],"images":[12],"as":[13,119],"stimuli.":[14,75,104,122],"Few":[15],"used":[16,118],"sounds,":[17],"even":[19],"fewer":[20],"studies":[21,31],"were":[22],"found":[23],"involving":[24],"self-induced":[25],"emotions.":[26,38],"Furthermore,":[27],"most":[28],"the":[30,111,120,128,148,168,176,180,186],"rely":[32],"on":[33,82,163],"single":[34],"stimuli":[35,44],"to":[36,65,92],"evoke":[37],"The":[39,123],"question":[40],"\"whether":[42],"different":[43,74,103],"for":[45,97,179],"same":[46],"elicitation":[48,63],"generate":[49],"any":[50],"subject-independent":[51],"correlations\"":[52],"remains":[53],"unanswered.":[54],"This":[55],"paper":[56],"introduces":[57],"a":[58,140,196],"dual":[59],"modality":[60],"paradigm":[64],"investigate":[66,136],"if":[67],"emotions":[68,99,193],"can":[69],"be":[70],"classified":[71],"induced":[72,192],"with":[73,101,153,195],"A":[76],"method":[77,124],"has":[78],"been":[79],"proposed":[80],"common":[83],"spatial":[84,164],"pattern":[85],"(CSP)":[86],"linear":[88],"discriminant":[89],"analysis":[90,142],"(LDA)":[91],"analyze":[93],"human":[94],"brain":[95],"signals":[96],"fear":[98],"evoked":[100],"two":[102],"Self-induced":[105],"emotional":[106],"imagery":[107],"is":[108],"one":[109],"considered":[112],"stimuli,":[113],"while":[114],"audio/video":[115],"clips":[116],"are":[117,160],"other":[121,154],"extracts":[125],"features":[126],"from":[127],"CSP":[129,150],"algorithm":[130],"LDA":[132],"performs":[133],"classification.":[134],"To":[135,145,167],"associated":[137],"EEG":[138,158,183,199],"correlations,":[139],"spectral":[141],"was":[143,151],"performed.":[144],"further":[146],"improve":[147],"performance,":[149],"compared":[152],"regularized":[155],"techniques.":[156],"Critical":[157],"channels":[159],"identified":[161],"filter":[165],"weights.":[166],"best":[169],"our":[171,173],"knowledge,":[172],"work":[174],"provides":[175],"first":[177],"contribution":[178],"assessment":[181],"correlations":[184],"in":[185],"case":[187],"self":[189],"versus":[190],"video":[191],"captured":[194],"commercial":[197],"grade":[198],"device.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}