{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912802247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030515","title":"Hyper-Heuristic Capacitance Array Method for Multi-Metal Wear Debris Detection","display_name":"Hyper-Heuristic Capacitance Array Method for Multi-Metal Wear Debris Detection","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912802247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030515","mag":"2912802247"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19030515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030515","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/3/515/pdf?version=1548569338","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/3/515/pdf?version=1548569338","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100899981","display_name":"Yanshan Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanshan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Hang Feng Ke Wei Equipment Technology CO., LTD., Beijing 100141, China","State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Hang Feng Ke Wei Equipment Technology CO., LTD., Beijing 100141, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063300958","display_name":"Lecheng Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8157-4556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lecheng Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051637055","display_name":"Zhoumo Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8220-598X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhoumo Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063300958"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.8865,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70927052,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"515","last_page":"515"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11557","display_name":"Lubricants and Their Additives","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11557","display_name":"Lubricants and Their Additives","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.6999036073684692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debris","display_name":"Debris","score":0.5454128980636597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5031659007072449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitance","display_name":"Capacitance","score":0.4943704605102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.46676820516586304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.46100351214408875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary-value-problem","display_name":"Boundary value problem","score":0.43993109464645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.4392995834350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3401683270931244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-system","display_name":"Biological system","score":0.32675546407699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3235573172569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2637243866920471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17107850313186646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16274848580360413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.12899643182754517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.08975541591644287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6999036073684692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776023875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637703","display_name":"Debris","level":2,"score":0.5454128980636597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5031659007072449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30066665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164399","display_name":"Capacitance","level":3,"score":0.4943704605102539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.46676820516586304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.46100351214408875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182310444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332643","display_name":"Boundary value problem","level":2,"score":0.43993109464645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4392995834350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3401683270931244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.32675546407699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3235573172569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2637243866920471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17107850313186646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16274848580360413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.12899643182754517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.08975541591644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19030515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030515","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/3/515/pdf?version=1548569338","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:58dafb364b714a6ea98d2615daf7aa42","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/58dafb364b714a6ea98d2615daf7aa42","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 3, p 515 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5385301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6387040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/3/515/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030515","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6387040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6387040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19030515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030515","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/3/515/pdf?version=1548569338","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G16344132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFF0101800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912802247.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2912802247.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973170146","https://openalex.org/W1978804162","https://openalex.org/W1990296987","https://openalex.org/W1998841444","https://openalex.org/W2000241688","https://openalex.org/W2032446543","https://openalex.org/W2041789984","https://openalex.org/W2049833369","https://openalex.org/W2056769725","https://openalex.org/W2065698932","https://openalex.org/W2069381942","https://openalex.org/W2073783237","https://openalex.org/W2077397493","https://openalex.org/W2094346949","https://openalex.org/W2115389016","https://openalex.org/W2121688932","https://openalex.org/W2147212619","https://openalex.org/W2161797569","https://openalex.org/W2166734203","https://openalex.org/W2281206237","https://openalex.org/W2357108068","https://openalex.org/W2549627050","https://openalex.org/W2573097856","https://openalex.org/W2621943288","https://openalex.org/W2771065135","https://openalex.org/W6669289857","https://openalex.org/W7005738263","https://openalex.org/W7070889200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3132053202","https://openalex.org/W3011362029","https://openalex.org/W3096343057","https://openalex.org/W2322614392","https://openalex.org/W2361023120","https://openalex.org/W129933923","https://openalex.org/W3014109425","https://openalex.org/W2080580906","https://openalex.org/W4292338037","https://openalex.org/W2913486304"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Online":[0],"detection":[1,103],"of":[2,9,14,123,129,135,144,151],"fatigued":[3],"wear":[4,93,125,153],"debris":[5,126,154],"in":[6,68],"the":[7,62,92,113,121,133,136,145,152],"lubricants":[8],"aero-engines":[10],"can":[11],"provide":[12],"warning":[13],"engine":[15],"failure":[16],"during":[17],"flight,":[18],"thus":[19],"having":[20],"great":[21],"economic":[22],"and":[23,35,56,101],"social":[24],"benefits.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"paper,":[28],"we":[29],"propose":[30],"a":[31,36,70,80,96],"capacitance":[32],"array":[33,98],"sensor":[34,100],"hyper-heuristic":[37,81],"partial":[38],"differential":[39],"equation":[40],"(PDE)":[41],"inversion":[42],"method":[43,82,138],"for":[44],"detecting":[45],"multiple":[46],"micro-scale":[47],"metal":[48],"debris,":[49],"combined":[50],"with":[51,73,112,127],"self-adaptive":[52],"cellular":[53],"genetic":[54],"(SA-CGA)":[55],"morphological":[57],"algorithms.":[58],"Firstly,":[59],"different":[60],"from":[61],"traditional":[63,146],"methods,":[64],"which":[65],"are":[66,105],"limited":[67],"multi-induction-Dirac-boundary-inversion,":[69],"mathematical":[71],"model":[72],"non-local":[74],"boundary":[75],"conditions":[76,122],"is":[77,87,139],"established.":[78],"Furthermore,":[79],"based":[83],"on":[84],"prior":[85],"knowledge":[86],"also":[88],"proposed":[89,137],"to":[90,157],"extract":[91],"character.":[94],"Moreover,":[95],"12-plate":[97],"circulating":[99],"corresponding":[102],"system":[104],"designed.":[106],"The":[107,116,148],"experimental":[108],"results":[109,117],"were":[110],"compared":[111],"optical":[114],"microscopy.":[115],"show":[118],"that":[119],"under":[120],"1~3":[124],"diameters":[128],"between":[130],"250\u2013900":[131],"\u03bcm,":[132],"accuracy":[134],"10\u201338%":[140],"higher":[141],"than":[142],"those":[143],"methods.":[147],"recognition":[149],"error":[150],"counts":[155],"decreases":[156],"0.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}