{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2910727990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020338","title":"Indoor 3-D Localization Based on Received Signal Strength Difference and Factor Graph for Unknown Radio Transmitter","display_name":"Indoor 3-D Localization Based on Received Signal Strength Difference and Factor Graph for Unknown Radio Transmitter","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2910727990","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020338","mag":"2910727990","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30654450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19020338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020338","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/2/338/pdf?version=1547619317","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/2/338/pdf?version=1547619317","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100412784","display_name":"Liyang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9088-9610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liyang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9088-9610","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008315505","display_name":"Taihang Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1487-4596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taihang Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control Engineering Research Center of Hebei, Tianjin 300130, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1487-4596","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control Engineering Research Center of Hebei, Tianjin 300130, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065468735","display_name":"Chundong Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3171-6223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chundong Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Control Engineering Research Center of Hebei, Tianjin 300130, China","School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Control Engineering Research Center of Hebei, Tianjin 300130, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100412784"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.1828,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47701605,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"338","last_page":"338"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.806434154510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-graph","display_name":"Factor graph","score":0.6696704030036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6100640296936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5841282606124878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.5773398876190186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.4759349822998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.23247790336608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23053094744682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.10421508550643921}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.806434154510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159246509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428725","display_name":"Factor graph","level":3,"score":0.6696704030036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6100640296936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5841282606124878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.5773398876190186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4759349822998047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.23247790336608887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23053094744682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.10421508550643921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19020338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020338","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/2/338/pdf?version=1547619317","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30654450","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30654450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:67e7666a6b70483f85eb051df47b4907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/67e7666a6b70483f85eb051df47b4907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 2, p 338 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5346367","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6359429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/2/338/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6359429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6359429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19020338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020338","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/2/338/pdf?version=1547619317","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5154788970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51207042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5210677399","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12-MC-KY-14","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323970","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6542968964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZD2017216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321949","funder_display_name":"Department of Education of Hebei Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321949","display_name":"Department of Education of Hebei Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01jkyjd96"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323970","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2910727990.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2910727990.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525082254","https://openalex.org/W1969642178","https://openalex.org/W1975339939","https://openalex.org/W1978026911","https://openalex.org/W1988543519","https://openalex.org/W2026452543","https://openalex.org/W2035136797","https://openalex.org/W2061570754","https://openalex.org/W2062982555","https://openalex.org/W2071798481","https://openalex.org/W2099208041","https://openalex.org/W2113065846","https://openalex.org/W2118218099","https://openalex.org/W2137813581","https://openalex.org/W2163993204","https://openalex.org/W2165830528","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2193142622","https://openalex.org/W2327645608","https://openalex.org/W2474296258","https://openalex.org/W2597619747","https://openalex.org/W2745203826","https://openalex.org/W2776024871","https://openalex.org/W2802261045","https://openalex.org/W2809278248","https://openalex.org/W2891088180","https://openalex.org/W2898051988","https://openalex.org/W3214051094","https://openalex.org/W6666637546","https://openalex.org/W6677781598","https://openalex.org/W6684135773","https://openalex.org/W6701798220"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172272784","https://openalex.org/W2003817535","https://openalex.org/W4307436769","https://openalex.org/W4323793210","https://openalex.org/W2366306259","https://openalex.org/W3101720559","https://openalex.org/W2143447014","https://openalex.org/W2218045119","https://openalex.org/W3172283447","https://openalex.org/W2165250314"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"localization":[1,24,46,202],"of":[2,25,74,93,126,141,147,158,176,220],"the":[3,23,71,79,91,97,109,127,134,139,156,173,177,185,217],"radio":[4,11,28,223],"transmitter":[5,29,224],"is":[6,15,60,106,162,180],"an":[7,26,221],"important":[8],"work":[9],"in":[10,90,96,165],"management.":[12],"Previous":[13],"research":[14],"more":[16,35],"focused":[17],"on":[18,150],"two-dimensional":[19],"(2-D)":[20],"scenarios,":[21],"but":[22,195],"unknown":[27,222],"under":[30,225],"three-dimensional":[31],"(3-D)":[32],"scenarios":[33],"has":[34,230],"practical":[36],"significance.":[37],"In":[38,137],"this":[39],"paper,":[40],"we":[41],"propose":[42],"a":[43,166,200,213,231],"novel":[44],"3-D":[45,102,227],"algorithm":[47,179,189],"with":[48,86,108],"received":[49],"signal":[50,148],"strength":[51],"difference":[52],"(RSSD)":[53],"information":[54],"and":[55,66,88,113,123,145,190,229],"factor":[56],"graph":[57],"(FG),":[58],"which":[59],"suitable":[61],"for":[62,216],"both":[63],"line-of-sight":[64],"(LOS)":[65],"non-line-of-sight":[67],"(NLOS)":[68],"condition.":[69],"Considering":[70],"stochastic":[72],"properties":[73],"measurement":[75],"errors":[76],"caused":[77],"by":[78,116,132],"indoor":[80,226],"environment,":[81],"RSSD":[82,112],"measurements":[83],"are":[84,130,153],"processed":[85],"mean":[87,201],"variance":[89],"form":[92],"Gaussian":[94],"distribution":[95],"FG":[98,104],"framework.":[99],"A":[100],"new":[101],"RSSD-based":[103],"model":[105,129],"constructed":[107],"relationship":[110],"between":[111],"location":[114],"coordinates":[115],"local":[117],"linearization":[118],"technique.":[119],"The":[120,169],"soft-information":[121],"computation":[122],"iterative":[124],"process":[125],"proposed":[128,160,178,210],"derived":[131],"using":[133],"sum-product":[135],"algorithm.":[136],"addition,":[138],"impacts":[140],"different":[142],"grid":[143],"distances":[144],"number":[146],"receivers":[149],"positioning":[151,174],"accuracy":[152],"explored.":[154],"Finally,":[155],"performance":[157,175],"our":[159],"approach":[161],"experimentally":[163],"evaluated":[164],"real":[167],"scenario.":[168],"results":[170],"show":[171],"that":[172],"not":[181],"only":[182],"superior":[183],"to":[184],"k-nearest":[186],"neighbors":[187],"(kNN)":[188],"least":[191],"square":[192],"(LS)":[193],"algorithm,":[194],"also":[196],"it":[197],"can":[198],"achieve":[199],"error":[203],"as":[204,206],"low":[205],"1.15":[207],"m.":[208],"Our":[209],"scheme":[211],"provides":[212],"good":[214,232],"solution":[215],"accurate":[218],"detection":[219],"space":[228],"application":[233],"prospect.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}