{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2909971279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020281","title":"Deep RetinaNet-Based Detection and Classification of Road Markings by Visible Light Camera Sensors","display_name":"Deep RetinaNet-Based Detection and Classification of Road Markings by Visible Light Camera Sensors","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2909971279","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020281","mag":"2909971279","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30642014"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19020281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020281","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/2/281/pdf?version=1547472362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/2/281/pdf?version=1547472362","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027228319","display_name":"Toan Minh Hoang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9874-4582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toan Hoang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060853953","display_name":"Phong Nguyen-Ha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9678-0886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phong Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085212105","display_name":"Noi Quang Truong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noi Truong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103553088","display_name":"Young Kyung Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045976228","display_name":"Kang Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4187-587X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kang Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045976228"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.3473,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90958796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"281","last_page":"281"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7540736198425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7428409457206726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7115786671638489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6208153963088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4402029812335968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43508774042129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3754434585571289}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7540736198425293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7428409457206726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7115786671638489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6208153963088989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4402029812335968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43508774042129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3754434585571289}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19020281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020281","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/2/281/pdf?version=1547472362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30642014","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30642014","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d7f68ce3b01a47ac9399fed5177fedda","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d7f68ce3b01a47ac9399fed5177fedda","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 19, Iss 2, p 281 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5345912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6358812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/19/2/281/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020281","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6358812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6358812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s19020281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s19020281","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/2/281/pdf?version=1547472362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1738276608","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2017R1C1B5074062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3458716721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2016M3A9E1915855","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3515857073","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2018R1D1A1B07041921","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6847176799","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1D1A1B07041921","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8075570120","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2015R1D1A1A01056761","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8817349273","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016M3A9E1915855","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2909971279.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2909971279.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1486565020","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2017242639","https://openalex.org/W2042105889","https://openalex.org/W2076945774","https://openalex.org/W2092362345","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2128007404","https://openalex.org/W2142887887","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2169314457","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2277132981","https://openalex.org/W2478820856","https://openalex.org/W2516555671","https://openalex.org/W2561310421","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2588289902","https://openalex.org/W2612361394","https://openalex.org/W2740520864","https://openalex.org/W2766067901","https://openalex.org/W2897898606","https://openalex.org/W2963144738","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964332990","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4300307942","https://openalex.org/W6684793000"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W2949096641","https://openalex.org/W2969228573","https://openalex.org/W2970686063","https://openalex.org/W4320729701"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detection":[0],"and":[1,27,36,49,58,105,114,140,150],"classification":[2,28,50,141],"of":[3,21,29,55,142,147],"road":[4,22,31,63,85,143],"markings":[5,57,60,144],"are":[6],"a":[7,47,69,111],"prerequisite":[8],"for":[9,52,138],"operating":[10],"autonomous":[11],"vehicles.":[12],"Although":[13],"most":[14],"studies":[15],"have":[16,39],"focused":[17],"on":[18,61,109],"the":[19,25,62,80,98,102,106,125,131],"detection":[20,26,48,139],"lane":[23],"markings,":[24,32,38],"other":[30,136],"such":[33],"as":[34],"arrows":[35],"bike":[37,59],"not":[40],"received":[41],"much":[42],"attention.":[43],"Therefore,":[44],"we":[45],"propose":[46],"method":[51,82,134],"various":[53,65],"types":[54],"arrow":[56],"in":[64,83,145],"complex":[66,84],"environments":[67],"using":[68,124],"one-stage":[70],"deep":[71],"convolutional":[72],"neural":[73],"network":[74],"(CNN),":[75],"called":[76],"RetinaNet.":[77],"We":[78],"tested":[79],"proposed":[81,132],"scenarios":[86],"with":[87],"three":[88,126],"open":[89,127],"datasets":[90],"captured":[91],"by":[92],"visible":[93],"light":[94],"camera":[95],"sensors,":[96],"namely":[97],"Malaga":[99],"urban":[100],"dataset,":[101,104],"Cambridge":[103],"Daimler":[107],"dataset":[108],"both":[110,148],"desktop":[112],"computer":[113],"an":[115],"NVIDIA":[116],"Jetson":[117],"TX2":[118],"embedded":[119],"system.":[120],"Experimental":[121],"results":[122],"obtained":[123],"databases":[128],"showed":[129],"that":[130],"RetinaNet-based":[133],"outperformed":[135],"methods":[137],"terms":[146],"accuracy":[149],"processing":[151],"time.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}