{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2896218777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124280","title":"Highly Accurate and Fully Automatic 3D Head Pose Estimation and Eye Gaze Estimation Using RGB-D Sensors and 3D Morphable Models","display_name":"Highly Accurate and Fully Automatic 3D Head Pose Estimation and Eye Gaze Estimation Using RGB-D Sensors and 3D Morphable Models","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2896218777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124280","mag":"2896218777","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30563092"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18124280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124280","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/12/4280/pdf?version=1545356455","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/12/4280/pdf?version=1545356455","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048196195","display_name":"Reza Shoja Ghiass","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43406934","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjchr03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Shoja Ghiass","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Laval University, 1665 Rue de l\u2019Universite, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Laval University, 1665 Rue de l'Universite, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Laval University, 1665 Rue de l\u2019Universite, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Laval University, 1665 Rue de l'Universite, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108667292","display_name":"Ognjen Arandjelov\u0107","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","display_name":"University of St Andrews","ror":"https://ror.org/02wn5qz54","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ognjen Arandjelov\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SX Scotland, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9314-194X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9SX Scotland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090585779","display_name":"Denis Laurendeau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2858-5955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43406934","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Laval","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjchr03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Denis Laurendeau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Laval University, 1665 Rue de l\u2019Universite, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Laval University, 1665 Rue de l'Universite, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Laval University, 1665 Rue de l\u2019Universite, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Vision and Systems Laboratory, Laval University, 1665 Rue de l'Universite, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090585779"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43406934"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.7533,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72990324,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"12","first_page":"4280","last_page":"4280"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9629999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pose","display_name":"Pose","score":0.8383265733718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8095843195915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7443127632141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7288873791694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.709395170211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.6601394414901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-pose-estimation","display_name":"3D pose estimation","score":0.6105443835258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.5838031768798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5500400066375732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/articulated-body-pose-estimation","display_name":"Articulated body pose estimation","score":0.5001680850982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3249707520008087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11031931638717651}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52102323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671968","display_name":"Pose","level":2,"score":0.8383265733718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8095843195915222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7443127632141113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7288873791694641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.709395170211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.6601394414901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36613465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636322","display_name":"3D pose estimation","level":3,"score":0.6105443835258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5838031768798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5500400066375732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22100474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4800952","display_name":"Articulated body pose estimation","level":4,"score":0.5001680850982666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3249707520008087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11031931638717651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18124280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124280","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/12/4280/pdf?version=1545356455","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30563092","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30563092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3eb00d7f859c46a08800a891045ff4b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3eb00d7f859c46a08800a891045ff4b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 12, p 4280 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5292149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6308695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/12/4280/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6308695","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6308695","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/16921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10023/16921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400230","display_name":"St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I16835326","host_organization_name":"University of St Andrews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16835326"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18124280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18124280","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/12/4280/pdf?version=1545356455","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2896218777.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2896218777.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1424654272","https://openalex.org/W1643185111","https://openalex.org/W1862680710","https://openalex.org/W1960395571","https://openalex.org/W1970482228","https://openalex.org/W1972557358","https://openalex.org/W1974744233","https://openalex.org/W2013433269","https://openalex.org/W2027363175","https://openalex.org/W2042906110","https://openalex.org/W2047432610","https://openalex.org/W2047875689","https://openalex.org/W2064854983","https://openalex.org/W2074840634","https://openalex.org/W2087277933","https://openalex.org/W2088028039","https://openalex.org/W2096963464","https://openalex.org/W2103289133","https://openalex.org/W2105899846","https://openalex.org/W2107528150","https://openalex.org/W2109103832","https://openalex.org/W2113293706","https://openalex.org/W2130566362","https://openalex.org/W2133019737","https://openalex.org/W2139196511","https://openalex.org/W2148282497","https://openalex.org/W2149382413","https://openalex.org/W2151782086","https://openalex.org/W2151802865","https://openalex.org/W2153857672","https://openalex.org/W2158363907","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2167020116","https://openalex.org/W2167084080","https://openalex.org/W2169965057","https://openalex.org/W2244783700","https://openalex.org/W2358573252","https://openalex.org/W2407532341","https://openalex.org/W2599705749","https://openalex.org/W6640564649","https://openalex.org/W6681363032"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2946083937","https://openalex.org/W2798721181","https://openalex.org/W2951583186","https://openalex.org/W4299867837","https://openalex.org/W2088028039","https://openalex.org/W4382141741","https://openalex.org/W4386075737","https://openalex.org/W1968783203","https://openalex.org/W4206633503","https://openalex.org/W2574567538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"addresses":[2],"the":[3,88,92,98,105,114,117,141,144,157,163,179],"problem":[4],"of":[5,87,113,140,165,181],"automatic":[6],"head":[7,34,50,63,159,189],"pose":[8,35,73,151,160,171,190],"estimation":[9,16,36],"and":[10,127,173,191],"its":[11],"application":[12],"in":[13,101,109,116,168],"3D":[14,33,49,72,102,188],"gaze":[15,193],"using":[17,37],"low":[18,77],"quality":[19,78],"RGB-D":[20,38],"sensors":[21,39],"without":[22],"any":[23,86,135],"subject":[24,59],"cooperation":[25,60],"or":[26,48,58],"manual":[27,56],"intervention.":[28],"The":[29,120,153],"previous":[30,118,142],"works":[31],"on":[32,76,96,156,184],"require":[40,55],"either":[41],"an":[42],"offline":[43,136],"step":[44],"for":[45,61,150,187],"supervised":[46],"learning":[47],"model":[51,64],"construction,":[52],"which":[53,81],"may":[54],"intervention":[57],"complete":[62,106],"reconstruction.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67],"paper,":[68],"we":[69],"propose":[70],"a":[71],"estimator":[74],"based":[75],"depth":[79,148],"data,":[80],"is":[82,123],"not":[83,133],"limited":[84],"by":[85],"aforementioned":[89],"steps.":[90],"Instead,":[91],"proposed":[93,121],"technique":[94],"relies":[95],"modeling":[97],"subject's":[99],"face":[100],"rather":[103],"than":[104],"head,":[107],"which,":[108],"turn,":[110],"relaxes":[111],"all":[112],"constraints":[115],"works.":[119],"method":[122,145],"robust,":[124],"highly":[125],"accurate":[126],"fully":[128],"automatic.":[129],"Moreover,":[130],"it":[131],"does":[132],"need":[134],"step.":[137],"Unlike":[138],"some":[139],"works,":[143],"only":[146],"uses":[147],"data":[149],"estimation.":[152,194],"experimental":[154],"results":[155],"Biwi":[158],"database":[161,186],"confirm":[162],"efficiency":[164],"our":[166,182],"algorithm":[167,183],"handling":[169],"large":[170],"variations":[172],"partial":[174],"occlusion.":[175],"We":[176],"also":[177],"evaluated":[178],"performance":[180],"IDIAP":[185],"eye":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-02T09:04:35.204637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}