{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2901951431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113960","title":"Roof Shape Classification from LiDAR and Satellite Image Data Fusion Using Supervised Learning","display_name":"Roof Shape Classification from LiDAR and Satellite Image Data Fusion Using Supervised Learning","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2901951431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113960","mag":"2901951431","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30445731"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113960","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3960/pdf?version=1542276228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3960/pdf?version=1542276228","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039640897","display_name":"Jeremy Castagno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5458-9787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Castagno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5458-9787","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000130413","display_name":"Ella Atkins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2132-6256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ella Atkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robotics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2132-6256","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robotics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000130413","https://openalex.org/A5039640897"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":3.0761,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9120211,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"11","first_page":"3960","last_page":"3960"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7192557454109192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/roof","display_name":"Roof","score":0.6676284074783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6565819382667542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6098902225494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.5517796277999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4711778461933136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4563794732093811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4532105624675751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.44929519295692444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.4362357258796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.4326445460319519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4190353751182556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.23561403155326843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.16013222932815552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11089879274368286}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7192557454109192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776748203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83180","display_name":"Roof","level":2,"score":0.6676284074783325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6565819382667542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6098902225494385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.5517796277999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4711778461933136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4563794732093811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4532105624675751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.44929519295692444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.4362357258796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.4326445460319519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4190353751182556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.23561403155326843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.16013222932815552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11089879274368286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113960","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3960/pdf?version=1542276228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30445731","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30445731","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2b061d3d64f143858fad77603d87d057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2b061d3d64f143858fad77603d87d057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 11, p 3960 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5257940","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6264004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/11/3960/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113960","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6264004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6264004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113960","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113960","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3960/pdf?version=1542276228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2137726522","display_name":"CPS: Synergy: Collaborative Research: Thermal-Aware Management of Cyber-Physical Systems","funder_award_id":"1329702","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4512667247","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NS 1329702.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6354759656","display_name":"OUR GOAL IS TO IDENTIFY AND ASSESS NEW RISKS IMPOSED BY SMALL UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS (SUAS) OPERATING IN THE NATIONAL AIRSPACE SYSTEM (NAS). FAILU","funder_award_id":"NNX11AO78A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","funder_display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G802699097","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NNX11AO78A a","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331934","funder_display_name":"NASA Astrobiology Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306101","display_name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/027ka1x80"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331934","display_name":"NASA Astrobiology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01qxmdg18"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2901951431.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2901951431.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996749420","https://openalex.org/W2008683230","https://openalex.org/W2013452503","https://openalex.org/W2035129548","https://openalex.org/W2052060966","https://openalex.org/W2066483145","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2322387700","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2411429307","https://openalex.org/W2472391669","https://openalex.org/W2571466651","https://openalex.org/W2581240084","https://openalex.org/W2620739303","https://openalex.org/W2651598648","https://openalex.org/W2751711407","https://openalex.org/W2754144710","https://openalex.org/W2762911305","https://openalex.org/W2780722608","https://openalex.org/W2890139083","https://openalex.org/W2963158438","https://openalex.org/W2963547737","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2976826970","https://openalex.org/W4245335898","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6700966317","https://openalex.org/W6768906494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W4406302447","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4390887692"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Geographic":[0],"information":[1,28],"systems":[2,21],"(GIS)":[3],"provide":[4,135],"accurate":[5],"maps":[6],"of":[7],"terrain,":[8],"roads,":[9],"waterways,":[10],"and":[11,14,26,38,75,81,106,122,128,165,178],"building":[12,31,48,65],"footprints":[13],"heights.":[15],"Aircraft,":[16],"particularly":[17,43],"small":[18,93],"unmanned":[19],"aircraft":[20],"(UAS),":[22],"can":[23],"exploit":[24],"this":[25],"additional":[27],"such":[29],"as":[30],"roof":[32,49,66,89,160],"structure":[33,50],"to":[34,62,84,94,134,151],"improve":[35],"navigation":[36],"accuracy":[37,138],"safely":[39],"perform":[40],"contingency":[41],"landings":[42],"in":[44,55,154,162],"urban":[45,96],"regions.":[46],"However,":[47],"is":[51,132],"not":[52],"fully":[53],"provided":[54],"maps.":[56],"This":[57],"paper":[58],"proposes":[59],"a":[60,86,114],"method":[61],"automatically":[63],"label":[64],"shape":[67],"from":[68,159,175],"publicly":[69],"available":[70],"GIS":[71],"data.":[72],"Satellite":[73,126],"imagery":[74],"airborne":[76],"LiDAR":[77,129],"data":[78,130,142,161,174],"are":[79,104,148,170],"processed":[80],"manually":[82],"labeled":[83],"create":[85],"diverse":[87],"annotated":[88],"image":[90,127],"dataset":[91],"for":[92,118],"large":[95],"cities.":[97],"Multiple":[98],"convolutional":[99],"neural":[100],"network":[101],"(CNN)":[102],"architectures":[103],"trained":[105,158],"tested,":[107],"with":[108],"the":[109],"best":[110],"performing":[111],"networks":[112],"providing":[113],"condensed":[115],"feature":[116],"set":[117],"support":[119],"vector":[120],"machine":[121],"decision":[123],"tree":[124],"classifiers.":[125],"fusion":[131],"shown":[133],"greater":[136],"classification":[137],"than":[139],"using":[140],"either":[141],"type":[143],"alone.":[144],"Model":[145],"confidence":[146],"thresholds":[147],"adjusted":[149],"leading":[150],"significant":[152],"increases":[153],"models":[155],"precision.":[156],"Networks":[157],"Witten,":[163],"Germany":[164],"Manhattan":[166],"(New":[167],"York":[168],"City)":[169],"evaluated":[171],"on":[172],"independent":[173],"these":[176],"cities":[177],"Ann":[179],"Arbor,":[180],"Michigan.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}