{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2901904672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113907","title":"Challenges, Threats, Security Issues and New Trends of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"Challenges, Threats, Security Issues and New Trends of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2901904672","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113907","mag":"2901904672","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30428536"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113907","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3907/pdf?version=1542096350","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3907/pdf?version=1542096350","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101803486","display_name":"Guang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9555-9522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099312","display_name":"Shandong Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01848hk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9555-9522","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017921182","display_name":"Lie Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099312","display_name":"Shandong Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01848hk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lie Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079932099","display_name":"Zhiqiang Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2830-8301"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59028903","display_name":"Ocean University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04rdtx186","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiqiang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59028903"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101803486"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":7.6913,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":126,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98122627,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"11","first_page":"3907","last_page":"3907"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6623576879501343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.5585802793502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.5332099199295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4541057050228119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45302173495292664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.4279256761074066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.424233078956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.34936320781707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.13569748401641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.07195314764976501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.05855026841163635}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6623576879501343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.5585802793502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.5332099199295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4541057050228119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45302173495292664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.4279256761074066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.424233078956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.34936320781707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.13569748401641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.07195314764976501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.05855026841163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113907","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3907/pdf?version=1542096350","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30428536","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30428536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b25bb61eacd1411abca45249bb4487f1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b25bb61eacd1411abca45249bb4487f1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 11, p 3907 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5257634","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6263508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/11/3907/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6263508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6263508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113907","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3907/pdf?version=1542096350","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7312197422","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u80fd\u8017\u5747\u8861\u7684\u7c07\u72b6\u6c34\u4e0b\u65e0\u7ebf\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u7f51\u7edc\u5b89\u5168\u901a\u4fe1\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61601264","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329039","display_name":"Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2901904672.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2901904672.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3023681","https://openalex.org/W127141003","https://openalex.org/W1501167349","https://openalex.org/W1538365952","https://openalex.org/W1551333318","https://openalex.org/W1553453547","https://openalex.org/W1554526037","https://openalex.org/W1579495532","https://openalex.org/W1592419902","https://openalex.org/W1747067919","https://openalex.org/W1903093316","https://openalex.org/W1908308678","https://openalex.org/W1927817208","https://openalex.org/W1971484940","https://openalex.org/W1981118980","https://openalex.org/W1995799737","https://openalex.org/W2003156382","https://openalex.org/W2005491783","https://openalex.org/W2013641837","https://openalex.org/W2019526342","https://openalex.org/W2021418268","https://openalex.org/W2052426738","https://openalex.org/W2054439668","https://openalex.org/W2075287959","https://openalex.org/W2085350344","https://openalex.org/W2088218707","https://openalex.org/W2103357449","https://openalex.org/W2114495437","https://openalex.org/W2129879516","https://openalex.org/W2130750014","https://openalex.org/W2131300413","https://openalex.org/W2132163224","https://openalex.org/W2136032111","https://openalex.org/W2137814624","https://openalex.org/W2140372921","https://openalex.org/W2140460438","https://openalex.org/W2141290731","https://openalex.org/W2142078389","https://openalex.org/W2142100695","https://openalex.org/W2148922257","https://openalex.org/W2149472588","https://openalex.org/W2158307590","https://openalex.org/W2162688780","https://openalex.org/W2263562411","https://openalex.org/W2272663200","https://openalex.org/W2286764856","https://openalex.org/W2300766986","https://openalex.org/W2327947830","https://openalex.org/W2328012902","https://openalex.org/W2338192772","https://openalex.org/W2400334449","https://openalex.org/W2401753821","https://openalex.org/W2493769206","https://openalex.org/W2522064858","https://openalex.org/W2537926032","https://openalex.org/W2546290794","https://openalex.org/W2566095146","https://openalex.org/W2596027621","https://openalex.org/W2607445839","https://openalex.org/W2608024546","https://openalex.org/W2613369845","https://openalex.org/W2618669396","https://openalex.org/W2619395208","https://openalex.org/W2737772100","https://openalex.org/W2737845746","https://openalex.org/W2743684151","https://openalex.org/W2747821650","https://openalex.org/W2748438484","https://openalex.org/W2756034889","https://openalex.org/W2769679916","https://openalex.org/W2770985650","https://openalex.org/W2773970754","https://openalex.org/W2781906172","https://openalex.org/W2782851541","https://openalex.org/W2789002602","https://openalex.org/W2797305499","https://openalex.org/W2887888816","https://openalex.org/W2889288914","https://openalex.org/W2912715704","https://openalex.org/W2963622920","https://openalex.org/W2996991412","https://openalex.org/W3149356600","https://openalex.org/W4237869352","https://openalex.org/W4243777718","https://openalex.org/W4247600917","https://openalex.org/W4251801989","https://openalex.org/W4254346742","https://openalex.org/W6628548991","https://openalex.org/W6693027903","https://openalex.org/W6701550310","https://openalex.org/W6731266799","https://openalex.org/W6744203765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388412763","https://openalex.org/W2591930867","https://openalex.org/W1999583034","https://openalex.org/W2891537746","https://openalex.org/W3168963531","https://openalex.org/W2773822314","https://openalex.org/W2953138830","https://openalex.org/W3176162126","https://openalex.org/W3217214504","https://openalex.org/W3201231642"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,17,27,64,90],"advances":[2],"in":[3,16,76],"technology,":[4],"there":[5],"has":[6,57],"been":[7],"an":[8],"increasing":[9],"interest":[10],"from":[11],"researchers":[12],"and":[13,34,48,95,105],"industrial":[14],"institutions":[15],"use":[18],"of":[19,45,89,99],"underwater":[20,32],"wireless":[21],"sensor":[22],"networks":[23],"(UWSNs).":[24],"Constrained":[25],"by":[26],"open":[28,104],"acoustic":[29],"channel,":[30],"harsh":[31],"environment,":[33],"their":[35],"own":[36],"particularities,":[37,91],"UWSNs":[38,56],"are":[39,109],"vulnerable":[40],"to":[41,84],"a":[42,86],"wide":[43],"class":[44],"security":[46,60,68,97],"threats":[47],"malicious":[49],"attacks.":[50],"However,":[51],"most":[52],"existing":[53,65],"research":[54,107],"into":[55,61],"not":[58],"taken":[59],"consideration.":[62],"Moreover,":[63],"relatively":[66],"mature":[67],"mechanisms":[69,98],"for":[70],"WSNs":[71],"cannot":[72],"be":[73],"directly":[74],"utilized":[75],"UWSNs.":[77,100],"For":[78],"these":[79],"reasons,":[80],"this":[81],"article":[82],"aims":[83],"present":[85],"comprehensive":[87],"overview":[88],"constraints,":[92],"attacks,":[93],"challenges":[94],"current":[96],"In":[101],"addition,":[102],"challenging,":[103],"hot":[106],"topics":[108],"outlined.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}