{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2900811845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113864","title":"A Situation-Aware Indoor Localization (SAIL) System Using a LF and RF Hybrid Approach","display_name":"A Situation-Aware Indoor Localization (SAIL) System Using a LF and RF Hybrid Approach","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2900811845","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113864","mag":"2900811845","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30423819"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113864","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3864/pdf?version=1541839244","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3864/pdf?version=1541839244","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063432022","display_name":"Jung Kwang Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2476-9119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jung Kwang Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2476-9119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100612600","display_name":"Jee-Young Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9380-948X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeeyoung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Self-Organizing Software-Platform, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Self-Organizing Software-Platform, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057476160","display_name":"Soon Ju Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8171-195X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soon Ju Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8171-195X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057476160"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.1363,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79843424,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"11","first_page":"3864","last_page":"3864"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6087555885314941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5478772521018982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5417305827140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.5219706296920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5157192349433899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.513613224029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.47306621074676514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beacon","display_name":"Beacon","score":0.4463207721710205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.438750684261322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.42578640580177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/location-awareness","display_name":"Location awareness","score":0.42470183968544006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3015255331993103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2959803640842438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2511806786060333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24909457564353943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6087555885314941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5478772521018982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5417305827140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.5219706296920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5157192349433899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.513613224029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.47306621074676514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102168758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7321258","display_name":"Beacon","level":2,"score":0.4463207721710205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.438750684261322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.42578640580177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776104089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15894079","display_name":"Location awareness","level":2,"score":0.42470183968544006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3015255331993103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2959803640842438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2511806786060333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24909457564353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113864","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3864/pdf?version=1541839244","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30423819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30423819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a812d0a314bd43f0976d40c33ed79958","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a812d0a314bd43f0976d40c33ed79958","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 11, p 3864 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5257893","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6263948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/11/3864/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6263948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6263948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113864","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113864","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3864/pdf?version=1541839244","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2900811845.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1746665946","https://openalex.org/W2024669213","https://openalex.org/W2038946940","https://openalex.org/W2040213547","https://openalex.org/W2052866081","https://openalex.org/W2087232152","https://openalex.org/W2087797502","https://openalex.org/W2108482152","https://openalex.org/W2149259182","https://openalex.org/W2157907554","https://openalex.org/W2248828001","https://openalex.org/W2507601244","https://openalex.org/W2528054895","https://openalex.org/W2577841166","https://openalex.org/W2625066980","https://openalex.org/W2765095969","https://openalex.org/W2765938132","https://openalex.org/W2767727950","https://openalex.org/W2768882654","https://openalex.org/W2778547285","https://openalex.org/W2783619938","https://openalex.org/W2801000882","https://openalex.org/W4248091029"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2790129070","https://openalex.org/W4313213593","https://openalex.org/W2518860590","https://openalex.org/W3136975152","https://openalex.org/W2481123202","https://openalex.org/W2347237900","https://openalex.org/W2132550683","https://openalex.org/W2126518217","https://openalex.org/W2319789922","https://openalex.org/W1996067925"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"studies":[1,46],"focusing":[2],"on":[3,50],"identifying":[4],"user's":[5],"current":[6,146],"location":[7,25,51,147],"for":[8,110],"use":[9],"in":[10,33,55,85,148,226,250],"a":[11,103,115,187],"wide":[12],"variety":[13],"of":[14,37,117,186,208,233,262,273],"differentiated":[15],"location-based":[16],"and":[17,65,121,139,144,193,305],"localization":[18,107,113],"services":[19],"have":[20,47],"steadily":[21],"increased.":[22],"In":[23,98,154],"particular,":[24],"awareness":[26],"using":[27,56,114,247],"wireless":[28],"communication":[29,68,249],"is":[30,198,244],"gaining":[31],"attention":[32],"indoor":[34,106,112,166,228,280],"environments":[35],"composed":[36],"many":[38,57],"obstacles,":[39],"where":[40],"GPS":[41],"signals":[42],"cannot":[43],"reach.":[44],"Previously,":[45],"focused":[48],"mostly":[49],"precision,":[52],"which":[53],"resulted":[54],"beacon":[58],"nodes,":[59],"not":[60],"considering":[61],"the":[62,151,163,184,191,196,202,206,213,216,223,231,251,260,270,274,285,302],"initial":[63],"installation":[64],"maintenance":[66],"costs,":[67],"robustness,":[69],"or":[70,171,200],"power":[71,271,306],"consumption.":[72,307],"This":[73,127,218,254],"makes":[74],"it":[75],"difficult":[76],"to":[77,81,131,150,165,182,221,242,258,293],"apply":[78],"existing":[79],"methods":[80],"various":[82],"fields,":[83],"especially":[84],"mobile":[86,91,137,142,188,275,294],"nodes":[87,143,266,295],"(i.e.,":[88],"wearable":[89],"devices,":[90,138],"tags,":[92],"etc.)":[93],"with":[94,133,230,296],"limited":[95,134,297],"battery":[96,135,298],"capacity.":[97],"this":[99],"paper,":[100],"we":[101,157,179],"propose":[102,278],"hybrid":[104,176,286],"situation-aware":[105],"(SAIL)":[108],"system":[109,303],"real-time":[111],"combination":[116],"low":[118],"frequency":[119],"(LF)":[120],"Bluetooth":[122],"Low":[123],"Energy":[124],"(BLE)":[125],"4.0.":[126],"approach":[128,255],"allows":[129],"us":[130,220,257],"work":[132],"capacity":[136,299],"identify":[140],"tagged":[141],"their":[145],"relevance":[149],"anchor":[152,160,265],"node.":[153,276],"our":[155,175],"experiment,":[156],"attached":[158],"one":[159],"node":[161,189,197],"at":[162],"entrance":[164,192],"areas":[167],"such":[168],"as":[169,210,212,267,269],"office":[170],"factory":[172],"settings.":[173],"Using":[174],"SAIL":[177,287],"system,":[178,283,288],"were":[180],"able":[181],"detect":[183],"passing":[185],"through":[190],"recognize":[194],"whether":[195],"entering":[199],"exiting":[201],"room":[203],"by":[204,246,300],"calculating":[205],"direction":[207],"movement":[209],"well":[211,268],"distance":[214],"from":[215],"entrance.":[217],"allowed":[219],"distinguish":[222],"precise":[224],"position":[225,281],"an":[227,279],"environment":[229],"margin":[232],"error":[234],"being":[235],"0.5":[236],"m.":[237],"The":[238],"signal":[239],"attenuation":[240],"due":[241],"obstacles":[243],"overcome":[245],"LF":[248],"125-kHz":[252],"band.":[253],"enables":[256],"reduce":[259],"number":[261],"initially":[263],"installed":[264],"consumption":[272],"We":[277],"recognition":[282],"namely,":[284],"that":[289],"can":[290],"be":[291],"applied":[292],"reducing":[301],"complexity":[304]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
