{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2901617432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113844","title":"Online Moisture Measurement of Bio Fuel at a Paper Mill Employing a Microwave Resonator","display_name":"Online Moisture Measurement of Bio Fuel at a Paper Mill Employing a Microwave Resonator","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2901617432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113844","mag":"2901617432","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30423954"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113844","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113844","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3844/pdf?version=1541754326","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3844/pdf?version=1541754326","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035982302","display_name":"Martta\u2010Kaisa Olkkonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5302-081X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martta-Kaisa Olkkonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Maarintie 8, 02150 Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Maarintie 8, 02150 Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035982302"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12332714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"11","first_page":"3844","last_page":"3844"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moisture","display_name":"Moisture","score":0.5531505346298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resonator","display_name":"Resonator","score":0.5107476711273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-content","display_name":"Water content","score":0.48184335231781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.4411373436450958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.43606826663017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bin","display_name":"Bin","score":0.43234026432037354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.39479485154151917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3808605968952179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.35319483280181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.33941739797592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3276687264442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31188535690307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.30223479866981506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.2727096974849701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.17676150798797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14637765288352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14182829856872559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1139671802520752}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.5531505346298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97126364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349669","display_name":"Resonator","level":2,"score":0.5107476711273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.48184335231781006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.4411373436450958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.43606826663017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156273044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913766","display_name":"Bin","level":2,"score":0.43234026432037354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.39479485154151917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3808605968952179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.35319483280181885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.33941739797592163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3276687264442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31188535690307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.30223479866981506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2727096974849701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17676150798797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14637765288352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14182829856872559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1139671802520752}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D008872","descriptor_name":"Microwaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008872","descriptor_name":"Microwaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008872","descriptor_name":"Microwaves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010209","descriptor_name":"Paper","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010209","descriptor_name":"Paper","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010209","descriptor_name":"Paper","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011312","descriptor_name":"Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011312","descriptor_name":"Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011312","descriptor_name":"Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014867","descriptor_name":"Water","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014867","descriptor_name":"Water","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014867","descriptor_name":"Water","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056804","descriptor_name":"Biofuels","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056804","descriptor_name":"Biofuels","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056804","descriptor_name":"Biofuels","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113844","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113844","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3844/pdf?version=1541754326","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30423954","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30423954","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/35631","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/29534acf-ecf7-49c9-8f6a-2f800578114e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fb641f7fd3494469abf71fe75f1f1a02","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fb641f7fd3494469abf71fe75f1f1a02","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 11, p 3844 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5257569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6263404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/11/3844/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113844","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6263404","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6263404","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113844","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113844","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3844/pdf?version=1541754326","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321394","display_name":"Aalto-Yliopisto","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2901617432.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2901617432.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557652178","https://openalex.org/W1986380559","https://openalex.org/W2009989439","https://openalex.org/W2062098797","https://openalex.org/W2063692194","https://openalex.org/W2076971849","https://openalex.org/W2085883826","https://openalex.org/W2093125721","https://openalex.org/W2169186158","https://openalex.org/W2490569319","https://openalex.org/W2536568654","https://openalex.org/W2596264390","https://openalex.org/W2601710763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107701374","https://openalex.org/W2950072893","https://openalex.org/W1616588898","https://openalex.org/W4249504934","https://openalex.org/W2183416055","https://openalex.org/W2568867011","https://openalex.org/W1963628591","https://openalex.org/W1994114538","https://openalex.org/W2413205705","https://openalex.org/W2735644334"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,45],"investigates":[2],"online":[3],"moisture":[4,94],"measurement":[5,51,71,77],"of":[6,50,69,76,96,111,141,153,170],"biofuel":[7],"employing":[8],"a":[9,47,121,163],"strip":[10],"line":[11],"cavity":[12],"resonator":[13],"at":[14,129],"approximately":[15],"366":[16],"MHz,":[17],"attached":[18],"above":[19],"and":[20,35,53,72,90,93,104,149,162,184],"below":[21],"the":[22,32,36,67,70,74,91,97,109,112,130,138,142,151,171,176],"conveyor":[23],"belt.":[24],"An":[25],"existing":[26],"sensor":[27],"design":[28],"is":[29,62],"modified":[30],"for":[31,146,168],"factory":[33],"assembly,":[34],"correct":[37],"operation":[38],"has":[39],"been":[40],"tested":[41],"prior":[42],"to":[43,64,125,157],"this":[44],"with":[46],"small":[48],"number":[49,75,152],"points":[52,78],"collected":[54],"reference":[55],"samples":[56,154],"(n":[57,79],"=":[58,80,182,186],"67).":[59],"The":[60,82],"purpose":[61],"now":[63],"concentrate":[65],"on":[66],"accuracy":[68],"increase":[73],"367).":[81],"measurements":[83],"were":[84,100,166],"made":[85],"in":[86],"5":[87],"different":[88],"lots,":[89],"thickness":[92,169],"properties":[95],"biomaterial":[98],"mat":[99],"varied":[101],"between":[102],"minimum":[103],"maximum":[105,131],"levels":[106],"by":[107],"adjusting":[108],"settings":[110],"belt":[113],"filter":[114],"press":[115],"that":[116],"presses":[117],"pulp":[118],"slush":[119],"into":[120],"mat.":[122],"In":[123],"order":[124],"further":[126],"reduce":[127],"inaccuracy,":[128],"one":[132],"standard":[133],"deviation":[134],"was":[135,155],"allowed":[136],"from":[137],"average":[139],"height":[140],"equivalent":[143,172],"water":[144,173],"layer":[145,174],"each":[147],"dataset,":[148],"consequently":[150],"reduced":[156],"235.":[158],"A":[159],"linear":[160],"fit":[161,165],"parabola":[164],"determined":[167],"vs.":[175],"relative":[177],"resonant":[178],"frequency":[179],"shift:":[180],"R2":[181,185],"0.82":[183],"0.78.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}