{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2899327139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113662","title":"Hierarchical Sub-Pixel Anomaly Detection Framework for Hyperspectral Imagery","display_name":"Hierarchical Sub-Pixel Anomaly Detection Framework for Hyperspectral Imagery","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2899327139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113662","mag":"2899327139","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30373323"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113662","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3662/pdf?version=1540729575","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3662/pdf?version=1540729575","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049895843","display_name":"Wenzheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0278-6751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenzheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100985496","display_name":"Baojun Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baojun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072479287","display_name":"Fan Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1344-3727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101063022","display_name":"Jinghong Nan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinghong Nan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106084673","display_name":"Cheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8123-2190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Embedded Real-time Information Processing Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049895843"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.0454,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82279634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"11","first_page":"3662","last_page":"3662"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8967020511627197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.8735495805740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7858255505561829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","score":0.6048924922943115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5570150017738342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5538842678070068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5316296815872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5184447169303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5126368403434753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.4344090521335602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.4111379086971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3550349175930023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24549901485443115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8967020511627197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.8735495805740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7858255505561829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6048924922943115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5570150017738342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5538842678070068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5316296815872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5184447169303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5126368403434753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.4344090521335602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.4111379086971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3550349175930023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24549901485443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113662","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3662/pdf?version=1540729575","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30373323","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30373323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5cc92350b12d4a5e833e1ad7c4728da0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5cc92350b12d4a5e833e1ad7c4728da0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 11, p 3662 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5257862","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6263908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/11/3662/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6263908","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6263908","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113662","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113662","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3662/pdf?version=1540729575","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1609746247","https://openalex.org/W1948819007","https://openalex.org/W1972344061","https://openalex.org/W1972676608","https://openalex.org/W1976615758","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W2010319424","https://openalex.org/W2010875673","https://openalex.org/W2031734805","https://openalex.org/W2034259921","https://openalex.org/W2034293618","https://openalex.org/W2047870694","https://openalex.org/W2066016701","https://openalex.org/W2073362905","https://openalex.org/W2076961568","https://openalex.org/W2081000321","https://openalex.org/W2086506050","https://openalex.org/W2087263574","https://openalex.org/W2101640795","https://openalex.org/W2115927538","https://openalex.org/W2118996198","https://openalex.org/W2124267685","https://openalex.org/W2124463804","https://openalex.org/W2129498797","https://openalex.org/W2143277109","https://openalex.org/W2159807629","https://openalex.org/W2166332954","https://openalex.org/W2178280554","https://openalex.org/W2288752886","https://openalex.org/W2295576075","https://openalex.org/W2316581222","https://openalex.org/W2614166664","https://openalex.org/W2742283851","https://openalex.org/W6602559735","https://openalex.org/W6677508755","https://openalex.org/W6699554884"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2806741695","https://openalex.org/W3210364259","https://openalex.org/W4290647774","https://openalex.org/W3189286258","https://openalex.org/W3207797160","https://openalex.org/W2912112202","https://openalex.org/W2667207928","https://openalex.org/W4300558037","https://openalex.org/W4377864969","https://openalex.org/W3030345572"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Anomaly":[0],"detection":[1,82,142,175],"is":[2,22,43,111],"an":[3],"important":[4],"task":[5],"in":[6,63],"hyperspectral":[7,168],"processing.":[8],"Some":[9],"previous":[10],"works,":[11],"based":[12],"on":[13,17,123,166],"statistical":[14],"information,":[15],"focus":[16],"Reed-Xiaoli":[18],"(RX),":[19],"as":[20,120],"it":[21],"one":[23],"of":[24,93,97,108,155],"the":[25,86,105,127,139,147,156,172,178],"most":[26],"classical":[27,185],"and":[28,60,117,161,182],"commonly":[29],"used":[30],"methods.":[31,186],"However,":[32],"its":[33,124],"performance":[34],"tends":[35],"to":[36,84,137],"be":[37],"affected":[38],"when":[39],"anomaly":[40,50,81,100,141,174],"target":[41,51],"size":[42],"smaller":[44],"than":[45],"spatial":[46,134],"resolution.":[47],"Those":[48],"sub-pixel":[49,140],"spectra":[52,159],"are":[53],"usually":[54],"much":[55],"similar":[56],"with":[57],"background":[58,158],"spectra,":[59],"may":[61],"results":[62],"false":[64],"alarm":[65],"for":[66,126],"traditional":[67],"RX":[68,79,99,180],"method.":[69],"To":[70,144],"address":[71],"this":[72,74],"issue,":[73],"paper":[75],"proposes":[76],"a":[77,114,121,133,152],"hierarchical":[78,148,157],"(H-RX)":[80],"framework":[83],"enhance":[85,138],"performance.":[87,143],"The":[88],"proposed":[89,173],"H-RX":[90],"method":[91],"consists":[92],"several":[94],"different":[95],"layers":[96],"original":[98,179],"detector.":[101],"In":[102],"each":[103,109],"layer,":[104],"RX's":[106],"output":[107],"pixel":[110],"restrained":[112],"by":[113],"nonlinear":[115],"function":[116],"then":[118],"imposed":[119],"coefficient":[122],"spectrum":[125],"next":[128],"iteration.":[129],"Furthermore,":[130],"we":[131,150],"design":[132],"regularization":[135,162],"layer":[136],"better":[145],"illustrate":[146,170],"framework,":[149],"provide":[151],"theoretical":[153],"explanation":[154],"restraint":[160],"process.":[163],"Extensive":[164],"experiments":[165],"three":[167],"images":[169],"that":[171],"algorithm":[176,181],"outperforms":[177],"some":[183],"other":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}