{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2898283793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113592","title":"Double Assurance of Epidural Space Detection Using Fiberoptics-Based Needle Design and Autofluorescence Technologies for Epidural Blockade in Painless Labor","display_name":"Double Assurance of Epidural Space Detection Using Fiberoptics-Based Needle Design and Autofluorescence Technologies for Epidural Blockade in Painless Labor","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2898283793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113592","mag":"2898283793","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30360473"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113592","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3592/pdf?version=1540287113","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3592/pdf?version=1540287113","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040861752","display_name":"Cihun\u2010Siyong Alex Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9414-3798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141243467","display_name":"Chang Gung University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/009knm296","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141243467"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173093425","display_name":"Chang Gung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00d80zx46","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173093425"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020100970","display_name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02verss31","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020100970"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cihun-Siyong Alex Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan","Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan","Portable Energy System Group, Green Technology Research Center, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9414-3798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173093425"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020100970"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Portable Energy System Group, Green Technology Research Center, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141243467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041597479","display_name":"Huang\u2013Chang Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1165-9383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173093425","display_name":"Chang Gung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00d80zx46","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173093425"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020100970","display_name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02verss31","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020100970"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huang-Chang Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan","Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173093425"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020100970"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102636169","display_name":"Yin Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96323854","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":null,"country_code":"TW","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96323854"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613","https://openalex.org/I96323854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062947405","display_name":"Chien\u2010Kun Ting","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3156-8139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2803004286","display_name":"Taipei Veterans General Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03ymy8z76","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2803004286"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96323854","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":null,"country_code":"TW","type":null,"lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96323854"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99613584","display_name":"National Taipei University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e29r284","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99613584"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chien-Kun Ting","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11221, Taiwan","School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3156-8139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11221, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2803004286"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613","https://openalex.org/I96323854","https://openalex.org/I99613584"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031055614","display_name":"Po\u2010Hsun Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9433-9253"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173093425","display_name":"Chang Gung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00d80zx46","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173093425"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020100970","display_name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02verss31","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020100970"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Po-Hsun Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan","School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020100970"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173093425"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040861752","https://openalex.org/A5062947405"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141243467","https://openalex.org/I148366613","https://openalex.org/I173093425","https://openalex.org/I2803004286","https://openalex.org/I3020100970","https://openalex.org/I96323854","https://openalex.org/I99613584"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20126713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"11","first_page":"3592","last_page":"3592"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10238","display_name":"Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11199","display_name":"Pain Management and Opioid Use","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autofluorescence","display_name":"Autofluorescence","score":0.8661935329437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidural-space","display_name":"Epidural space","score":0.716288149356842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ex-vivo","display_name":"Ex vivo","score":0.6068338751792908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","score":0.518536388874054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.5148888826370239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-vivo","display_name":"In vivo","score":0.5080418586730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ligament","display_name":"Ligament","score":0.44156742095947266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-medicine","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","score":0.323144793510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluorescence","display_name":"Fluorescence","score":0.2530224919319153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.2088443636894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.20539021492004395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1805342137813568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179687394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826281","display_name":"Autofluorescence","level":3,"score":0.8661935329437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777657843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966104","display_name":"Epidural space","level":2,"score":0.716288149356842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26291073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310484","display_name":"Ex vivo","level":3,"score":0.6068338751792908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.518536388874054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5148888826370239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207001950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141124","display_name":"In vivo","level":2,"score":0.5080418586730957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779753412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39888","display_name":"Ligament","level":2,"score":0.44156742095947266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.323144793510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91881484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807","display_name":"Fluorescence","level":2,"score":0.2530224919319153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.2088443636894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.20539021492004395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1805342137813568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000767","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia, Epidural","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000767","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia, Epidural","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000767","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia, Epidural","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004824","descriptor_name":"Epidural Space","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004824","descriptor_name":"Epidural Space","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004824","descriptor_name":"Epidural Space","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005336","descriptor_name":"Fiber Optic Technology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005336","descriptor_name":"Fiber Optic Technology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005336","descriptor_name":"Fiber Optic Technology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009339","descriptor_name":"Needles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009339","descriptor_name":"Needles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009339","descriptor_name":"Needles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013552","descriptor_name":"Swine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013552","descriptor_name":"Swine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013552","descriptor_name":"Swine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023421","descriptor_name":"Models, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023421","descriptor_name":"Models, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023421","descriptor_name":"Models, Animal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061848","descriptor_name":"Optical Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061848","descriptor_name":"Optical Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061848","descriptor_name":"Optical Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066298","descriptor_name":"In Vitro Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066298","descriptor_name":"In Vitro Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066298","descriptor_name":"In Vitro Techniques","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113592","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3592/pdf?version=1540287113","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30360473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30360473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5257954","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6264018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6264018","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6264018","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:17db7af995394093850229ed93363f9f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/17db7af995394093850229ed93363f9f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 11, p 3592 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/11/3592/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18113592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18113592","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/11/3592/pdf?version=1540287113","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5799999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1198393962","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMRPD2H0041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323441","funder_display_name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1465881555","display_name":"A Study of Tissue Discrimination Using Fluorescent Stimulated Emission","funder_award_id":"MOST103-2221-E010-009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3349081664","display_name":"Investigation of Integrated Efficient Wireless Power Transfer Signal Processing Technique for Biomedical Applications","funder_award_id":"MOST106-2221-E182-005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5592267898","display_name":"Investigation of Feedback-Controlled Biosignal Acquisition and Processing Analog Techniques for Neural Prostheses","funder_award_id":"MOST105-2221-E182-039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6066865718","display_name":"Fluorescent Stimulated Emission and Reflection Spectrum---Animal Model And","funder_award_id":"MOST104-2221-E075-002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6419812615","display_name":"Researching and Developing an Intelligent Decision Support System Used for Controlling Epidural Optical Needle Applied to Epidural Anesthesia","funder_award_id":"MOST107-2221-E182-075-MY2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6830682917","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMRPD2G0331","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323441","funder_display_name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7475356959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CMRPD2F0103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323441","funder_display_name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313619","display_name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02verss31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322767","display_name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02verss31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323441","display_name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou","ror":"https://ror.org/02dnn6q67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2898283793.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2898283793.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486131515","https://openalex.org/W1527476840","https://openalex.org/W1577963743","https://openalex.org/W1961452121","https://openalex.org/W1969468263","https://openalex.org/W1974298487","https://openalex.org/W1985776343","https://openalex.org/W1989628287","https://openalex.org/W1995716597","https://openalex.org/W2011206155","https://openalex.org/W2013427721","https://openalex.org/W2018048562","https://openalex.org/W2023275615","https://openalex.org/W2027176930","https://openalex.org/W2046136998","https://openalex.org/W2051655406","https://openalex.org/W2062134083","https://openalex.org/W2067902058","https://openalex.org/W2074016117","https://openalex.org/W2099041127","https://openalex.org/W2101807701","https://openalex.org/W2102239471","https://openalex.org/W2106523868","https://openalex.org/W2130676373","https://openalex.org/W2130747392","https://openalex.org/W2145950876","https://openalex.org/W2152891210","https://openalex.org/W2157100110","https://openalex.org/W2162864425","https://openalex.org/W2167155265","https://openalex.org/W2411334107","https://openalex.org/W2569664871","https://openalex.org/W2588975359","https://openalex.org/W2801467927","https://openalex.org/W6682584759"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399587580","https://openalex.org/W2133629932","https://openalex.org/W2027376101","https://openalex.org/W2016081239","https://openalex.org/W2369270460","https://openalex.org/W2098293184","https://openalex.org/W2069784239","https://openalex.org/W3100991975","https://openalex.org/W4389541989","https://openalex.org/W1582458856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose:":[0],"Technology":[1],"of":[2,15,39,67,150,155,215,234],"reflectance":[3,81,197,216],"spectroscopy":[4,8,41,158],"incorporated":[5],"with":[6,79,115],"auto-fluorescence":[7,40],"were":[9,128],"employed":[10,76],"to":[11,77,87,144,263],"increase":[12],"the":[13,45,65,89,138,148,151,182,186,208,211,224,261],"safety":[14],"epidural":[16,27,90,145,202,225,241],"placement":[17],"in":[18,85,102,147,167,187,252,269],"regional":[19],"anesthesia":[20,114,271],"which":[21,221],"is":[22,204,227],"generally":[23],"used":[24],"for":[25,44,64,159,195,237],"surgery,":[26],"anesthesia,":[28],"post-operative":[29],"pain":[30],"control":[31],"and":[32,54,82,122,126,198,217],"painless":[33],"childbirth.":[34],"Method:":[35],"Ex":[36],"vivo":[37,97,164,188],"study":[38,98],"was":[42,75,99],"performed":[43],"para-vertebral":[46],"tissues":[47,170],"contained":[48],"fat,":[49],"interspinous":[50],"ligament,":[51],"supraspinous":[52],"ligament":[53],"ligamentumflavum":[55,190],"by":[56,134],"multimode":[57],"microplate":[58],"reader":[59],"at":[60,130,175],"wavelength":[61],"405":[62],"nm":[63],"purpose":[66],"tissue":[68,160,238],"differentiation.":[69],"A":[70],"specially":[71],"designed":[72],"optic-fiber-embedded":[73],"needle":[74,139,165,242],"incorporate":[78],"both":[80,196],"autofluorescence":[83,123,157,199],"spectroscopies":[84],"order":[86],"probe":[88],"space":[91,146,203,226],"as":[92],"double":[93],"assurance":[94],"demands.":[95],"In":[96,185],"carried":[100],"out":[101],"a":[103,192,253],"Chinese":[104],"native":[105],"swine":[106],"weighted":[107],"about":[108],"30":[109],"kg":[110],"under":[111],"intubated":[112],"general":[113],"ventilation":[116],"support.":[117],"The":[118,201,231],"reflective":[119],"(405":[120],"nm)":[121],"signals":[124],"(\u03bb":[125],"\u03bb*)":[127],"recorded":[129],"5":[131],"different":[132],"sites":[133],"an":[135,248],"oscilloscope":[136],"during":[137,240],"puncture":[140,166,243],"procedure":[141],"from":[142,210],"skin":[143],"back":[149],"swine.":[152],"Results:":[153],"Study":[154],"either":[156],"samples":[161],"or":[162],"ex":[163],"porcine":[168],"trunk":[169],"indicates":[171],"that":[172,223],"ligmentumflavum":[173],"has":[174],"least":[176],"10-fold":[177],"higher":[178,266],"fluorescence":[179,218],"intensity":[180],"than":[181],"other":[183],"tissues.":[184],"study,":[189],"shows":[191],"double-peak":[193],"character":[194],"signals.":[200],"located":[205],"right":[206],"after":[207],"drop":[209],"double-peak.":[212],"Both":[213],"peaks":[214],"are":[219],"coincident":[220],"ensures":[222],"correctly":[228],"detected.":[229],"Conclusions:":[230],"fiber-optical":[232],"technologies":[233],"double-assurance":[235],"demands":[236],"discrimination":[239],"can":[244,259],"not":[245],"only":[246],"provide":[247],"objective":[249],"visual":[250],"information":[251],"real-time":[254],"fashion":[255],"but":[256],"also":[257],"it":[258],"help":[260],"operator":[262],"achieve":[264],"much":[265],"success":[267],"rate":[268],"this":[270],"procedure.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}