{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2891313026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093164","title":"An Invisible Salient Landmark Approach to Locating Pedestrians for Predesigned Business Card Route of Pedestrian Navigation","display_name":"An Invisible Salient Landmark Approach to Locating Pedestrians for Predesigned Business Card Route of Pedestrian Navigation","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2891313026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093164","mag":"2891313026","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30235857"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18093164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/3164/pdf?version=1537356242","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/3164/pdf?version=1537356242","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033711071","display_name":"Zhixiang Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1651-878X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhixiang Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052899004","display_name":"Yuxin Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxin Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065493202","display_name":"Hong Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7918-1454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43922553","display_name":"Wuhan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00e4hrk88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Urban Construction, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056047913","display_name":"Shih\u2010Lung Shaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-5519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147158","display_name":"Guangzhou Institute of Geography","ror":"https://ror.org/03tbxt129","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147158"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shih-Lung Shaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0925, USA","Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-0925, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou 510070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037788925","display_name":"Ling Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9722-9503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066455540","display_name":"Xuexian Geng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuexian Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065493202"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43922553"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.3913,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63708273,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"9","first_page":"3164","last_page":"3164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9853000044822693,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.8353734016418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.7431125044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.7207908630371094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6617739200592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.560064435005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-coordinate-system","display_name":"Geographic coordinate system","score":0.4917050004005432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turn-by-turn-navigation","display_name":"Turn-by-turn navigation","score":0.4870296120643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-mapping","display_name":"Digital mapping","score":0.45896008610725403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4365270435810089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-mapping","display_name":"Mobile mapping","score":0.4265170693397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3541208803653717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.27356815338134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.23468506336212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.18528762459754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17618298530578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.1336613893508911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.11949008703231812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11260616779327393}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.8353734016418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.7431125044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.7207908630371094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6617739200592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.560064435005188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123046963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22664","display_name":"Geographic coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.4917050004005432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43472768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7855620","display_name":"Turn-by-turn navigation","level":5,"score":0.4870296120643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181672929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115141","display_name":"Digital mapping","level":2,"score":0.45896008610725403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4365270435810089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776821279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2293902","display_name":"Mobile mapping","level":3,"score":0.4265170693397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3541208803653717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.27356815338134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.23468506336212158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.18528762459754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17618298530578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.1336613893508911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.11949008703231812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11260616779327393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65401140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353385","display_name":"Robot control","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18093164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/3164/pdf?version=1537356242","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30235857","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30235857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1708b0b041694e5293d5b84f8b9a9259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1708b0b041694e5293d5b84f8b9a9259","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 9, p 3164 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5127313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6165601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/9/3164/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6165601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6165601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18093164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/3164/pdf?version=1537356242","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1466030572","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41771473,","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1468645487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41371420","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2870525900","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Wuhan","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4013617024","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41771473","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324116","funder_display_name":"Wuhan University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4354138180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2042015KF0167","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4364044020","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"#41771473; #41371420;# 41231171","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4765969998","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41771473","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5035555207","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41231171","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324116","funder_display_name":"Wuhan University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7090105078","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41231171","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7414139681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2042015KF0167","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324116","funder_display_name":"Wuhan University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8208342437","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1 and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8839266468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71473","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324116","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2891313026.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2891313026.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480883159","https://openalex.org/W1605489310","https://openalex.org/W1870353999","https://openalex.org/W1967280688","https://openalex.org/W1980872084","https://openalex.org/W1992501660","https://openalex.org/W1993853885","https://openalex.org/W1996163483","https://openalex.org/W1997344005","https://openalex.org/W2000988636","https://openalex.org/W2009503617","https://openalex.org/W2016592108","https://openalex.org/W2019224054","https://openalex.org/W2020856473","https://openalex.org/W2021773802","https://openalex.org/W2023716082","https://openalex.org/W2025188913","https://openalex.org/W2031154531","https://openalex.org/W2034509843","https://openalex.org/W2036942038","https://openalex.org/W2044358543","https://openalex.org/W2044831755","https://openalex.org/W2048196003","https://openalex.org/W2058650633","https://openalex.org/W2064291728","https://openalex.org/W2070027626","https://openalex.org/W2074956930","https://openalex.org/W2078941169","https://openalex.org/W2087900015","https://openalex.org/W2090783856","https://openalex.org/W2090795630","https://openalex.org/W2092414611","https://openalex.org/W2094204865","https://openalex.org/W2097535968","https://openalex.org/W2102849221","https://openalex.org/W2112737587","https://openalex.org/W2114463407","https://openalex.org/W2116070975","https://openalex.org/W2117161742","https://openalex.org/W2117307746","https://openalex.org/W2122398932","https://openalex.org/W2129567789","https://openalex.org/W2133788446","https://openalex.org/W2140655825","https://openalex.org/W2142908542","https://openalex.org/W2147371947","https://openalex.org/W2147713266","https://openalex.org/W2154658342","https://openalex.org/W2156558154","https://openalex.org/W2156888376","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2197831133","https://openalex.org/W2267263417","https://openalex.org/W2290456827","https://openalex.org/W2406470551","https://openalex.org/W2536627426","https://openalex.org/W2549002731","https://openalex.org/W2574135915","https://openalex.org/W2592789367","https://openalex.org/W2600069438","https://openalex.org/W2601876123","https://openalex.org/W2607216769","https://openalex.org/W2607850459","https://openalex.org/W2733419761","https://openalex.org/W2767992334","https://openalex.org/W2990435550","https://openalex.org/W3030681281","https://openalex.org/W4252471827","https://openalex.org/W4301347335","https://openalex.org/W6668302657","https://openalex.org/W6677647695","https://openalex.org/W6678295567"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016546218","https://openalex.org/W1990932233","https://openalex.org/W2352223314","https://openalex.org/W2337322313","https://openalex.org/W2537846820","https://openalex.org/W1594398528","https://openalex.org/W2212538173","https://openalex.org/W24767049","https://openalex.org/W2891313026","https://openalex.org/W2797030489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visual":[0],"landmarks":[1,65,79,107],"are":[2],"important":[3],"navigational":[4],"aids":[5],"for":[6,13,66,127,134],"research":[7],"into":[8],"and":[9,48,90,172,174,182],"design":[10],"of":[11,22,50,70,76,88,102,167],"applications":[12],"last":[14,139],"mile":[15,140],"pedestrian":[16,23,71,110,155],"navigation,":[17],"e.g.,":[18],"business":[19,26,67],"card":[20,27,68],"route":[21,28,31,69,133],"navigation.":[24,72],"The":[25,45],"is":[29,125,194],"a":[30,33,40,130,149,204,207,213],"between":[32],"fixed":[34,41],"origin":[35],"(e.g.,":[36,43],"campus":[37],"entrance)":[38],"to":[39,98,104,136,196,199],"destination":[42],"office).":[44],"changing":[46],"characteristics":[47],"combinations":[49],"various":[51],"sensors'":[52],"data":[53,147],"in":[54,153,186,206],"smartphones":[55],"or":[56,209],"navigation":[57,156],"devices":[58],"can":[59,113,163],"be":[60],"viewed":[61],"as":[62,129,203],"invisible":[63,78,106],"salient":[64],"However,":[73],"the":[74,86,99,165,187,191],"advantages":[75],"these":[77],"have":[80],"not":[81],"been":[82],"fully":[83],"utilized,":[84],"despite":[85],"prevalence":[87],"GPS":[89,181],"digital":[91,121],"maps.":[92,122],"This":[93,123],"paper":[94],"presents":[95],"an":[96,210],"improvement":[97],"Dempster\u207bShafer":[100],"theory":[101],"evidence":[103],"find":[105,137],"along":[108,148],"predesigned":[109],"routes,":[111],"which":[112],"guide":[114,197],"pedestrians":[115,168,198],"by":[116,143],"locating":[117],"them":[118],"without":[119],"using":[120],"approach":[124,162],"suitable":[126],"use":[128],"\"business":[131],"card\"":[132],"newcomers":[135],"their":[138],"destinations":[141],"smoothly":[142],"following":[144],"precollected":[145],"sensor":[146],"target":[150],"route.":[151],"Experiments":[152],"real":[154],"environments":[157],"show":[158],"that":[159],"our":[160],"proposed":[161,192],"sense":[164],"location":[166],"automatically,":[169],"both":[170],"indoors":[171],"outdoors,":[173],"has":[175],"smaller":[176],"positioning":[177,184],"errors":[178],"than":[179],"purely":[180],"Wi-Fi":[183],"approaches":[185],"study":[188],"area.":[189],"Consequently,":[190],"methodology":[193],"appropriate":[195],"unfamiliar":[200],"destinations,":[201],"such":[202],"room":[205],"building":[208],"exit":[211],"from":[212],"park,":[214],"with":[215],"little":[216],"dependency":[217],"on":[218],"geographical":[219],"information.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}