{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2890790289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093123","title":"Sensor-Based Real-Time Detection in Vulcanization Control Using Machine Learning and Pattern Clustering","display_name":"Sensor-Based Real-Time Detection in Vulcanization Control Using Machine Learning and Pattern Clustering","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2890790289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093123","mag":"2890790289","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30223609"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18093123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093123","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/3123/pdf?version=1537081195","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/3123/pdf?version=1537081195","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101724792","display_name":"Jonghyuk Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5034-2581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonghyuk Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Global Economics, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Economics, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022690640","display_name":"Hyunwoo Hwangbo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6649-2587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyunwoo Hwangbo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data & Knowledge Service Engineering, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 16890, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6649-2587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data & Knowledge Service Engineering, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 16890, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022690640"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.5872,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67938263,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"9","first_page":"3123","last_page":"3123"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10763","display_name":"Digital Transformation in Industry","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6458908915519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulcanization","display_name":"Vulcanization","score":0.642533004283905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programmable-logic-controller","display_name":"Programmable logic controller","score":0.606096625328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5953871011734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realization","display_name":"Realization (probability)","score":0.5219606757164001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5040930509567261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5016036033630371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4940979778766632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-control","display_name":"Process control","score":0.42590227723121643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuator","display_name":"Actuator","score":0.4192747473716736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.40208667516708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.39694058895111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.35583657026290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-rubber","display_name":"Natural rubber","score":0.3301423192024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31915080547332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.0916115939617157}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6458908915519714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51179264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188631","display_name":"Vulcanization","level":3,"score":0.642533004283905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37374048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188674","display_name":"Programmable logic controller","level":2,"score":0.606096625328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5953871011734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745","display_name":"Realization (probability)","level":2,"score":0.5219606757164001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5040930509567261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5016036033630371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4940979778766632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155386361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1649571","display_name":"Process control","level":3,"score":0.42590227723121643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172707124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423488","display_name":"Actuator","level":2,"score":0.4192747473716736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.40208667516708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.39694058895111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.35583657026290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176933379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131877","display_name":"Natural rubber","level":2,"score":0.3301423192024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31915080547332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0916115939617157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18093123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093123","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/3123/pdf?version=1537081195","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30223609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30223609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5beaf5f58dfa4be79769cc7bc42ac7b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5beaf5f58dfa4be79769cc7bc42ac7b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 9, p 3123 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5125816","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6163192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/9/3123/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6163192","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6163192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18093123","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093123","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/3123/pdf?version=1537081195","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2890790289.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2890790289.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W140379607","https://openalex.org/W1997308573","https://openalex.org/W2005140205","https://openalex.org/W2051054517","https://openalex.org/W2076253963","https://openalex.org/W2084165431","https://openalex.org/W2129464682","https://openalex.org/W2281984677","https://openalex.org/W2319839441","https://openalex.org/W2323736694","https://openalex.org/W2330806019","https://openalex.org/W2339894672","https://openalex.org/W2397859168","https://openalex.org/W2473391989","https://openalex.org/W2481297481","https://openalex.org/W2520173229","https://openalex.org/W2554683309","https://openalex.org/W2556841979","https://openalex.org/W2556898372","https://openalex.org/W2579926598","https://openalex.org/W2583844597","https://openalex.org/W2589013680","https://openalex.org/W2593460068","https://openalex.org/W2602667490","https://openalex.org/W2606043483","https://openalex.org/W2738797558","https://openalex.org/W2765385967","https://openalex.org/W2790112892","https://openalex.org/W2801289463","https://openalex.org/W4251052400"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000383759","https://openalex.org/W4212811008","https://openalex.org/W4223604342","https://openalex.org/W2325349200","https://openalex.org/W1999450951","https://openalex.org/W2184594257","https://openalex.org/W2975102437","https://openalex.org/W2599177637","https://openalex.org/W3186840315","https://openalex.org/W2289462269"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"paradigm":[1],"shifts":[2],"in":[3,26,31,48],"manufacturing":[4,13,47,107],"have":[5,95],"resulted":[6],"from":[7],"the":[8,42,49,72,83,102,116],"need":[9],"for":[10,45,115],"a":[11,20,61,98,105],"smart":[12,46,106],"environment.":[14],"In":[15],"this":[16],"study,":[17],"we":[18,40],"developed":[19],"model":[21],"to":[22,79,101],"detect":[23],"anomalous":[24],"signs":[25],"advance":[27],"and":[28,54,113],"embedded":[29],"it":[30],"an":[32],"existing":[33],"programmable":[34],"logic":[35],"controller":[36],"system.":[37],"For":[38],"this,":[39],"investigated":[41],"innovation":[43],"process":[44],"domain":[50],"of":[51,71,74,85,91,104,118],"synthetic":[52],"rubber":[53],"its":[55],"vulcanization":[56],"process,":[57],"as":[58,60],"well":[59],"real-time":[62],"sensing":[63],"technology.":[64],"The":[65],"results":[66,81],"indicate":[67],"that":[68],"only":[69],"analysis":[70],"pattern":[73],"input":[75],"variables":[76,87],"can":[77],"lead":[78],"significant":[80],"without":[82],"generation":[84],"target":[86],"through":[88],"manual":[89],"testing":[90],"chemical":[92],"properties.":[93],"We":[94],"also":[96],"made":[97],"practical":[99],"contribution":[100],"realization":[103],"environment":[108],"by":[109],"building":[110],"cloud-based":[111],"infrastructure":[112],"models":[114],"pre-detection":[117],"defects.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}