{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2890133646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093068","title":"Learning-Directed Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling Scheme with Adjustable Performance for Single-Core and Multi-Core Embedded and Mobile Systems","display_name":"Learning-Directed Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling Scheme with Adjustable Performance for Single-Core and Multi-Core Embedded and Mobile Systems","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2890133646","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093068","mag":"2890133646","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30213128"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18093068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/3068/pdf?version=1536757400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/3068/pdf?version=1536757400","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100670010","display_name":"Yen\u2010Lin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7717-9393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yen-Lin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7717-9393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110223734","display_name":"Ming-Feng Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148979","display_name":"MediaTek (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/05g9jck81","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148979"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Feng Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["MediaTek Inc., Hsinchu 30078, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MediaTek Inc., Hsinchu 30078, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046236707","display_name":"Chao-Wei Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1062-2562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao-Wei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1062-2562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053133694","display_name":"Xiu-Zhi Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiu-Zhi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101041207","display_name":"Wen-Yew Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen-Yew Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100670010"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.9361,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97333795,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"9","first_page":"3068","last_page":"3068"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-scaling","display_name":"Frequency scaling","score":0.9089422225952148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7001505494117737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-core-processor","display_name":"Multi-core processor","score":0.6799802780151367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6279647946357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5793434381484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-processing-unit","display_name":"Central processing unit","score":0.5527570843696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5027234554290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4399207532405853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.43647074699401855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3887941241264343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37330740690231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.18759748339653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1706368327140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.13888302445411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10779842734336853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157742956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3237776","display_name":"Frequency scaling","level":3,"score":0.9089422225952148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7001505494117737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.6799802780151367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6279647946357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5793434381484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49154492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5300","display_name":"Central processing unit","level":2,"score":0.5527570843696594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5027234554290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4399207532405853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.43647074699401855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3887941241264343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37330740690231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.18759748339653015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1706368327140808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.13888302445411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10779842734336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18093068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/3068/pdf?version=1536757400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30213128","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30213128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:07f4efc03e4444d9b0548730ceed2799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/07f4efc03e4444d9b0548730ceed2799","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 9, p 3068 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5126243","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6163884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/9/3068/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18093068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6163884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6163884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18093068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093068","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/3068/pdf?version=1536757400","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3991045997","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST-106-2218-E-027-002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2890133646.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2890133646.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498377432","https://openalex.org/W1686420892","https://openalex.org/W1985848498","https://openalex.org/W1992473035","https://openalex.org/W1997728251","https://openalex.org/W1998425646","https://openalex.org/W2008818400","https://openalex.org/W2054274529","https://openalex.org/W2064024226","https://openalex.org/W2082615927","https://openalex.org/W2093411808","https://openalex.org/W2101903894","https://openalex.org/W2116001481","https://openalex.org/W2116175063","https://openalex.org/W2116843018","https://openalex.org/W2131751378","https://openalex.org/W2131928121","https://openalex.org/W2134782496","https://openalex.org/W2136325278","https://openalex.org/W2138305065","https://openalex.org/W2138574538","https://openalex.org/W2139342246","https://openalex.org/W2151772264","https://openalex.org/W2155753928","https://openalex.org/W2157561925","https://openalex.org/W2549004507","https://openalex.org/W2746722165","https://openalex.org/W2766667538","https://openalex.org/W2950162708","https://openalex.org/W3121261947","https://openalex.org/W3148636923","https://openalex.org/W4236365030","https://openalex.org/W4238485050","https://openalex.org/W6664285822","https://openalex.org/W6745637186"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2154351074","https://openalex.org/W2151223307","https://openalex.org/W2023400509","https://openalex.org/W2332054630","https://openalex.org/W2590100594","https://openalex.org/W2342710299","https://openalex.org/W3003444660","https://openalex.org/W2035968155","https://openalex.org/W2981984048","https://openalex.org/W3017642087"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dynamic":[0],"voltage":[1],"and":[2,48,53,85,99,131,150],"frequency":[3],"scaling":[4],"(DVFS)":[5],"is":[6,68],"a":[7,35,128],"well-known":[8],"method":[9,39,111],"for":[10,59,66],"saving":[11],"energy":[12,134,148],"consumption.":[13],"Several":[14],"DVFS":[15,24,38,110],"studies":[16],"have":[17],"applied":[18],"learning-based":[19],"methods":[20],"to":[21,46,71,138],"implement":[22],"the":[23,50,55,60,82,92,108,115,123,154],"prediction":[25],"model":[26],"instead":[27],"of":[28,81,127,156],"complicated":[29],"mathematical":[30],"models.":[31],"This":[32],"paper":[33],"proposes":[34],"lightweight":[36],"learning-directed":[37,109],"that":[40,107],"involves":[41],"using":[42],"counter":[43],"propagation":[44],"networks":[45],"sense":[47],"classify":[49],"task":[51],"behavior":[52],"predict":[54,114],"best":[56],"voltage/frequency":[57],"setting":[58],"system.":[61],"An":[62],"intelligent":[63],"adjustment":[64],"mechanism":[65],"performance":[67,75,151,157],"also":[69],"provided":[70],"users":[72,143],"under":[73],"various":[74],"requirements.":[76],"The":[77,104],"comparative":[78],"experimental":[79],"results":[80,105],"proposed":[83],"algorithms":[84],"other":[86],"competitive":[87],"techniques":[88],"are":[89],"evaluated":[90],"on":[91],"NVIDIA":[93],"JETSON":[94],"Tegra":[95],"K1":[96],"multicore":[97],"platform":[98],"Intel":[100],"PXA270":[101],"embedded":[102],"platforms.":[103],"demonstrate":[106],"can":[112,144],"accurately":[113],"suitable":[116],"central":[117],"processing":[118],"unit":[119],"(CPU)":[120],"frequency,":[121],"given":[122],"runtime":[124],"statistical":[125],"information":[126],"running":[129],"program,":[130],"achieve":[132,146],"an":[133],"savings":[135],"rate":[136],"up":[137],"42%.":[139],"Through":[140],"this":[141],"method,":[142],"easily":[145],"effective":[147],"consumption":[149],"by":[152],"specifying":[153],"factors":[155],"loss.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}