{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2889463320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092821","title":"Geometric Features-Based Parking Slot Detection","display_name":"Geometric Features-Based Parking Slot Detection","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2889463320","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092821","mag":"2889463320","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30150539"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18092821","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092821","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/2821/pdf?version=1535422017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/2821/pdf?version=1535422017","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100340563","display_name":"Qian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1166-6583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network, Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network, Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050402282","display_name":"Chunyu Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2847-0349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunyu Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network, Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network, Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100362745","display_name":"Yao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8581-9554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network, Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Information Science and Network, Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050402282"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.7131,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89306609,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"9","first_page":"2821","last_page":"2821"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45307207107543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.33968108892440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3233225345611572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.24287596344947815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45307207107543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.33968108892440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3233225345611572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.24287596344947815}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18092821","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092821","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/2821/pdf?version=1535422017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30150539","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30150539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8d9ab941e9e54e30ab89de54bf593dd7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8d9ab941e9e54e30ab89de54bf593dd7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 9, p 2821 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5125924","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6163349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/9/2821/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6163349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6163349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18092821","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092821","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/2821/pdf?version=1535422017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2151065792","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772066","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2376276132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6983000953","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018JBM011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8951484681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2889463320.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2889463320.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1924415998","https://openalex.org/W1964718257","https://openalex.org/W1983047562","https://openalex.org/W1989842812","https://openalex.org/W2000431576","https://openalex.org/W2013714157","https://openalex.org/W2021395917","https://openalex.org/W2050254124","https://openalex.org/W2061939202","https://openalex.org/W2072902805","https://openalex.org/W2086976228","https://openalex.org/W2102077450","https://openalex.org/W2103654976","https://openalex.org/W2115519764","https://openalex.org/W2121796793","https://openalex.org/W2124324640","https://openalex.org/W2133026742","https://openalex.org/W2141464147","https://openalex.org/W2145352197","https://openalex.org/W2146811074","https://openalex.org/W2148412784","https://openalex.org/W2148690598","https://openalex.org/W2163533836","https://openalex.org/W2343144455","https://openalex.org/W2514263628","https://openalex.org/W2515679514","https://openalex.org/W2612219988","https://openalex.org/W2764178736","https://openalex.org/W2766531076","https://openalex.org/W2775123583","https://openalex.org/W2775774262","https://openalex.org/W2792196801","https://openalex.org/W2794291179","https://openalex.org/W2801291731","https://openalex.org/W2806769607","https://openalex.org/W6641488766","https://openalex.org/W6674676010","https://openalex.org/W6747046109"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,109],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,43,116],"propose":[4,44,117],"a":[5,45,68,74,78,118,133,171],"parking":[6,17,32,91,107,111,152,168],"slot":[7,33,92,112,153],"markings":[8],"detection":[9,30,41,53,114],"method":[10,47,143,160],"based":[11,48],"on":[12,49,136],"the":[13,38,50,63,98,103,106,110,126,137,158],"geometric":[14],"features":[15],"of":[16,24,70,105,128,173,177],"slots.":[18,108],"The":[19,141],"proposed":[20,142,159],"system":[21],"mainly":[22],"consists":[23],"two":[25],"steps,":[26],"namely,":[27],"separating":[28,39,64,99],"line":[29,40,51],"and":[31,58,87,165,170,175],"entrance":[34,113],"detection.":[35],"First,":[36],"in":[37,77],"stage,":[42],"line-clustering":[46,59],"segment":[52],"(LSD)":[54],"algorithm.":[55],"Our":[56],"detecting":[57],"algorithm":[60],"can":[61,124,161],"detect":[62],"lines":[65,72,100],"that":[66,123,157],"contain":[67],"pair":[69],"parallel":[71,166],"with":[73],"fixed":[75],"distance":[76],"bird's":[79],"eye":[80],"view":[81],"(BEV)":[82],"image":[83],"under":[84],"diverse":[85,151],"lighting":[86],"ground":[88],"conditions.":[89],"Consequently,":[90],"candidates":[93],"are":[94,179],"generated":[95],"by":[96,131],"pairing":[97],"according":[101],"to":[102],"width":[104],"process,":[115],"multiview":[119],"fusion-based":[120],"learning":[121],"approach":[122],"increase":[125],"number":[127],"training":[129],"samples":[130],"performing":[132],"perspective":[134],"transformation":[135],"acquired":[138],"BEV":[139,148],"images.":[140],"was":[144],"evaluated":[145],"using":[146],"353":[147],"images":[149],"covering":[150],"markings.":[154],"Experiments":[155],"show":[156],"recognize":[162],"typical":[163],"perpendicular":[164],"rectangular":[167],"slots,":[169],"precision":[172],"97.4%":[174],"recall":[176],"96.6%":[178],"achieved.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}