{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2899429604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092796","title":"IoT Elements, Layered Architectures and Security Issues: A Comprehensive Survey","display_name":"IoT Elements, Layered Architectures and Security Issues: A Comprehensive Survey","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2899429604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092796","mag":"2899429604","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30149582"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18092796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092796","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/2796/pdf?version=1535450436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/2796/pdf?version=1535450436","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051020638","display_name":"Muhammad Burhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7876-7987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Burhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Fasialabad Campus, Chiniot 35400, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Fasialabad Campus, Chiniot 35400, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019037621","display_name":"Rana Asif Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3263-4211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rana Asif Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Fasialabad Campus, Chiniot 35400, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3263-4211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Fasialabad Campus, Chiniot 35400, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033286029","display_name":"Bilal Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4365-2693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilal Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Fasialabad Campus, Chiniot 35400, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Chiniot-Fasialabad Campus, Chiniot 35400, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006531094","display_name":"Byung-Seo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9824-1950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94588446","display_name":"Hongik University","ror":"https://ror.org/00egdv862","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Byung-Seo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software and Communications Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong City 30016, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9824-1950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software and Communications Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong City 30016, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006531094"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":36.1696,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":502,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99846061,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"9","first_page":"2796","last_page":"2796"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9778000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enabling","display_name":"Enabling","score":0.8331065773963928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.7497133612632751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6958339810371399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6256773471832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5896773338317871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5569333434104919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.48355433344841003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.27094075083732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08785706758499146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22607594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5375150","display_name":"Enabling","level":2,"score":0.8331065773963928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.7497133612632751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6958339810371399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6256773471832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5896773338317871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5569333434104919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.48355433344841003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.27094075083732605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08785706758499146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18092796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092796","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/2796/pdf?version=1535450436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30149582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30149582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8f620c0f39064c6f8b3441708e7697d9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8f620c0f39064c6f8b3441708e7697d9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 9, p 2796 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5127214","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6165453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/9/2796/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092796","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6165453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6165453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18092796","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092796","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/9/2796/pdf?version=1535450436","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6584908572","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018R1A2B6002399","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8287073925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015R1D1A1A01059186","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2899429604.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2899429604.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":114,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W220935706","https://openalex.org/W317521241","https://openalex.org/W958087976","https://openalex.org/W1488038755","https://openalex.org/W1548644355","https://openalex.org/W1561400781","https://openalex.org/W1592229787","https://openalex.org/W1663388364","https://openalex.org/W1867593686","https://openalex.org/W1943579973","https://openalex.org/W1965949990","https://openalex.org/W1966908937","https://openalex.org/W1967561194","https://openalex.org/W1972004006","https://openalex.org/W1977777780","https://openalex.org/W1981331664","https://openalex.org/W1987476244","https://openalex.org/W1992177971","https://openalex.org/W2002475886","https://openalex.org/W2003544295","https://openalex.org/W2007774531","https://openalex.org/W2009033060","https://openalex.org/W2011778831","https://openalex.org/W2015878559","https://openalex.org/W2017984731","https://openalex.org/W2025749575","https://openalex.org/W2029122708","https://openalex.org/W2029758586","https://openalex.org/W2031926216","https://openalex.org/W2036378739","https://openalex.org/W2037759417","https://openalex.org/W2049398379","https://openalex.org/W2058401212","https://openalex.org/W2064256075","https://openalex.org/W2065890363","https://openalex.org/W2067531116","https://openalex.org/W2069633461","https://openalex.org/W2072641892","https://openalex.org/W2073613560","https://openalex.org/W2074709832","https://openalex.org/W2078521213","https://openalex.org/W2084654700","https://openalex.org/W2084778248","https://openalex.org/W2085956717","https://openalex.org/W2088476070","https://openalex.org/W2091194131","https://openalex.org/W2093110956","https://openalex.org/W2096974968","https://openalex.org/W2101963387","https://openalex.org/W2102791710","https://openalex.org/W2104149471","https://openalex.org/W2104927807","https://openalex.org/W2105881043","https://openalex.org/W2107691219","https://openalex.org/W2108422006","https://openalex.org/W2109194613","https://openalex.org/W2109682028","https://openalex.org/W2113023823","https://openalex.org/W2115373791","https://openalex.org/W2116286374","https://openalex.org/W2117307746","https://openalex.org/W2120562931","https://openalex.org/W2121258779","https://openalex.org/W2122744359","https://openalex.org/W2129368140","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2158298409","https://openalex.org/W2183883265","https://openalex.org/W2187754696","https://openalex.org/W2267263417","https://openalex.org/W2291432160","https://openalex.org/W2294018787","https://openalex.org/W2296430572","https://openalex.org/W2315113356","https://openalex.org/W2318454007","https://openalex.org/W2320204756","https://openalex.org/W2322989609","https://openalex.org/W2355839424","https://openalex.org/W2400123814","https://openalex.org/W2466440336","https://openalex.org/W2472926061","https://openalex.org/W2476855407","https://openalex.org/W2490067714","https://openalex.org/W2508394542","https://openalex.org/W2534687077","https://openalex.org/W2552424278","https://openalex.org/W2561868123","https://openalex.org/W2581042172","https://openalex.org/W2594515690","https://openalex.org/W2599883359","https://openalex.org/W2602140322","https://openalex.org/W2610549095","https://openalex.org/W2625860315","https://openalex.org/W2702883767","https://openalex.org/W2745194424","https://openalex.org/W2771152181","https://openalex.org/W2790284307","https://openalex.org/W2790360011","https://openalex.org/W2792213443","https://openalex.org/W2890810634","https://openalex.org/W3140136943","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4241461833","https://openalex.org/W4255848759","https://openalex.org/W4307863862","https://openalex.org/W6650105910","https://openalex.org/W6659886639","https://openalex.org/W6705923556","https://openalex.org/W6720490107","https://openalex.org/W6728906573","https://openalex.org/W6732620192","https://openalex.org/W6735853710","https://openalex.org/W6754354270","https://openalex.org/W7052657152"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W1974860256","https://openalex.org/W4321381871","https://openalex.org/W4383065492","https://openalex.org/W2111901522","https://openalex.org/W2289630402","https://openalex.org/W1994033552","https://openalex.org/W2408679928","https://openalex.org/W3122213275","https://openalex.org/W3022085703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,64],"use":[1,18],"of":[2,23,52,70,79,88,103,112,118,140],"the":[3,19,28,45,53,71,76,85,89,110],"Internet":[4,22],"is":[5,41,126],"growing":[6],"in":[7],"this":[8,92],"day":[9],"and":[10,30,35,62,66,105],"age,":[11],"so":[12],"another":[13],"area":[14],"has":[15],"developed":[16],"to":[17,32,48,75,123,142],"Internet,":[20],"called":[21],"Things":[24],"(IoT).":[25],"It":[26,40],"facilitates":[27],"machines":[29],"objects":[31],"communicate,":[33],"compute":[34],"coordinate":[36],"with":[37,128],"each":[38],"other.":[39],"an":[42,97],"enabler":[43],"for":[44],"intelligence":[46],"affixed":[47],"several":[49],"essential":[50],"features":[51],"modern":[54],"world,":[55],"such":[56],"as":[57],"homes,":[58],"hospitals,":[59],"buildings,":[60],"transports":[61],"cities.":[63],"security":[65,108],"privacy":[67],"are":[68,95],"some":[69],"critical":[72],"issues":[73,83,125],"related":[74],"wide":[77,86],"application":[78],"IoT.":[80,90],"Therefore,":[81],"these":[82,124,144],"prevent":[84],"adoption":[87],"In":[91,114],"paper,":[93],"we":[94,132],"presenting":[96],"overview":[98],"about":[99],"different":[100],"layered":[101,138],"architectures":[102],"IoT":[104,141],"attacks":[106],"regarding":[107],"from":[109],"perspective":[111],"layers.":[113],"addition,":[115],"a":[116,135],"review":[117],"mechanisms":[119],"that":[120],"provide":[121],"solutions":[122],"presented":[127],"their":[129],"limitations.":[130],"Furthermore,":[131],"have":[133],"suggested":[134],"new":[136],"secure":[137],"architecture":[139],"overcome":[143],"issues.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":67},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":90},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":96},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":102},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T09:24:06.705377","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
