{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2886499001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18082484","title":"Using Deep Learning to Identify Utility Poles with Crossarms and Estimate Their Locations from Google Street View Images","display_name":"Using Deep Learning to Identify Utility Poles with Crossarms and Estimate Their Locations from Google Street View Images","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2886499001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18082484","mag":"2886499001","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30071580"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18082484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18082484","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/8/2484/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/8/2484/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021300873","display_name":"Weixing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8253-3932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","Connecticut State Data Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","Eversource Energy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Connecticut State Data Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eversource Energy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019050529","display_name":"Chandi Witharana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7587-535X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandi Witharana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","Eversource Energy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eversource Energy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100710213","display_name":"Weidong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4558-3292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weidong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4558-3292","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102816110","display_name":"Chuanrong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9165-5584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chuanrong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9165-5584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100686305","display_name":"Xiaojiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4208-1641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["MIT Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MIT Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033539010","display_name":"Jason Parent","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0801-8419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Parent","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","Eversource Energy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eversource Energy Center, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102816110"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.0292,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93673654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"8","first_page":"2484","last_page":"2484"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.7262663841247559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6379150152206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6019185185432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5772049427032471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5701707601547241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.49992823600769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.442987322807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.41257545351982117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3313153386116028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2232111394405365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16850346326828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.16445502638816833}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.7262663841247559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6379150152206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6019185185432434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5772049427032471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5701707601547241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49992823600769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.442987322807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41257545351982117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3313153386116028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2232111394405365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16850346326828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.16445502638816833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18082484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18082484","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/8/2484/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30071580","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30071580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:57905c55ee274155a8b52f5213b9db8c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/57905c55ee274155a8b52f5213b9db8c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 8, p 2484 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5064760","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6111250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/8/2484/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082484","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6111250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6111250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18082484","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18082484","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/8/2484/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3106958712","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 1414108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8041360414","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1414108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2886499001.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2886499001.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W631895740","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W987751915","https://openalex.org/W1442935222","https://openalex.org/W1969329373","https://openalex.org/W1977731274","https://openalex.org/W1978338723","https://openalex.org/W1985719637","https://openalex.org/W1990068598","https://openalex.org/W1993614826","https://openalex.org/W1995865273","https://openalex.org/W1999260680","https://openalex.org/W2004385997","https://openalex.org/W2013530913","https://openalex.org/W2017629021","https://openalex.org/W2025096632","https://openalex.org/W2032501499","https://openalex.org/W2037668826","https://openalex.org/W2039186139","https://openalex.org/W2046446859","https://openalex.org/W2066135581","https://openalex.org/W2075332516","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2076306130","https://openalex.org/W2084825540","https://openalex.org/W2096952982","https://openalex.org/W2111067445","https://openalex.org/W2117094030","https://openalex.org/W2134361702","https://openalex.org/W2141012705","https://openalex.org/W2143179355","https://openalex.org/W2146919646","https://openalex.org/W2148254631","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2198459432","https://openalex.org/W2243864512","https://openalex.org/W2316508121","https://openalex.org/W2334845011","https://openalex.org/W2407977833","https://openalex.org/W2530023749","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2593126160","https://openalex.org/W2593685093","https://openalex.org/W2613699846","https://openalex.org/W2614633644","https://openalex.org/W2625259639","https://openalex.org/W2737532893","https://openalex.org/W2739764235","https://openalex.org/W2743056029","https://openalex.org/W2743473392","https://openalex.org/W2751293097","https://openalex.org/W2753711514","https://openalex.org/W2757700220","https://openalex.org/W2783876128","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2915769613","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W3101779529"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2348909947","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2949096641","https://openalex.org/W2970686063","https://openalex.org/W4320729701","https://openalex.org/W4254103348","https://openalex.org/W3210378990","https://openalex.org/W3034745255","https://openalex.org/W4292830139","https://openalex.org/W4319309705"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traditional":[0],"methods":[1],"of":[2,13,29,101,111,123,160,168,178,181,200,223,234],"detecting":[3,39],"and":[4,10,86,139,171,176,190,225],"mapping":[5,58],"utility":[6,40,60,182,201,215],"poles":[7,41,61,183,216],"are":[8,144,184],"inefficient":[9],"costly":[11],"because":[12],"the":[14,74,81,96,99,102,108,112,121,135,140,148,158,197,221,226,232],"demand":[15],"for":[16,32,38,56,95],"visual":[17],"interpretation":[18],"with":[19,62,164,220],"quality":[20],"data":[21],"sources":[22],"or":[23],"intense":[24],"field":[25],"inspection.":[26],"The":[27,71],"advent":[28],"deep":[30,53],"learning":[31],"object":[33,77,83],"detection":[34,78,84],"provides":[35],"an":[36],"opportunity":[37],"from":[42,65,107,127],"side-view":[43],"optical":[44],"images.":[45,70],"In":[46,203],"this":[47,205],"study,":[48],"we":[49],"proposed":[50],"using":[51],"a":[52,87,92,165,211],"learning-based":[54],"method":[55,72,118,229],"automatically":[57],"roadside":[59,125],"crossarms":[63],"(UPCs)":[64],"Google":[66],"Street":[67],"View":[68],"(GSV)":[69],"combines":[73],"state-of-the-art":[75],"DL":[76],"algorithm":[79],"(i.e.,":[80],"RetinaNet":[82],"algorithm)":[85],"modified":[88],"brute-force-based":[89],"line-of-bearing":[90],"(LOB,":[91],"LOB":[93,227],"stands":[94],"ray":[97],"towards":[98],"location":[100,110],"target":[103],"[UPC":[104],"at":[105],"here]":[106],"original":[109],"sensor":[113],"[GSV":[114],"mobile":[115],"platform])":[116],"measurement":[117,228],"to":[119],"estimate":[120,231],"locations":[122,180,199,233],"detected":[124,219],"UPCs":[126],"GSV.":[128],"Experimental":[129],"results":[130],"indicate":[131],"that:":[132],"(1)":[133],"both":[134],"average":[136],"precision":[137],"(AP)":[138],"overall":[141],"accuracy":[142],"(OA)":[143],"around":[145,173,196],"0.78":[146],"when":[147],"intersection-over-union":[149],"(IoU)":[150],"threshold":[151],"is":[152],"greater":[153],"than":[154],"0.3,":[155],"based":[156],"on":[157],"testing":[159],"500":[161],"GSV":[162],"images":[163],"total":[166],"number":[167],"937":[169],"objects;":[170],"(2)":[172],"2.6%,":[174],"47%,":[175],"79%":[177],"estimated":[179],"within":[185],"1":[186],"m,":[187,189],"5":[188],"10":[191],"m":[192],"buffer":[193],"zones,":[194],"respectively,":[195],"referenced":[198],"poles.":[202],"general,":[204],"study":[206],"indicates":[207],"that":[208],"even":[209],"in":[210],"complex":[212],"background,":[213],"most":[214,235],"can":[217,230],"be":[218],"use":[222],"DL,":[224],"UPCs.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}