{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2810585355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072080","title":"Robust Face Recognition Using the Deep C2D-CNN Model Based on Decision-Level Fusion","display_name":"Robust Face Recognition Using the Deep C2D-CNN Model Based on Decision-Level Fusion","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2810585355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072080","mag":"2810585355","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29958478"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18072080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072080","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/7/2080/pdf?version=1530243320","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/7/2080/pdf?version=1530243320","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100646609","display_name":"Jing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4464-1008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177739611","display_name":"Yangtze University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhmhz54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Demonstration Center for Experimental Electrical and Electronic Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China","School of Electronic and Information, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Demonstration Center for Experimental Electrical and Electronic Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109298621","display_name":"Tao Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177739611","display_name":"Yangtze University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhmhz54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086789945","display_name":"Chang Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7339-3130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177739611","display_name":"Yangtze University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhmhz54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chang Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037041659","display_name":"Kai Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-2771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177739611","display_name":"Yangtze University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhmhz54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Demonstration Center for Experimental Electrical and Electronic Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China","School of Electronic and Information, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Demonstration Center for Experimental Electrical and Electronic Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025764540","display_name":"Fangqing Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6527-4326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177739611","display_name":"Yangtze University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhmhz54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang-Qing Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Demonstration Center for Experimental Electrical and Electronic Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China","School of Electronic and Information, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Demonstration Center for Experimental Electrical and Electronic Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086789945"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177739611"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":5.3015,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96832789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"7","first_page":"2080","last_page":"2080"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7683185338973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7531981468200684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6787818670272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.6737809777259827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6513492465019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.49364030361175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.48015493154525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.45090925693511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-boundary","display_name":"Decision boundary","score":0.4418552815914154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4158712923526764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.14764216542243958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7683185338973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7531981468200684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6787818670272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.6737809777259827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6513492465019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.49364030361175537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48015493154525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.45090925693511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42023084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249231","display_name":"Decision boundary","level":3,"score":0.4418552815914154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4158712923526764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.14764216542243958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18072080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072080","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/7/2080/pdf?version=1530243320","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29958478","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29958478","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bbf079b8e4a9469f812c1aaf4faf118a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bbf079b8e4a9469f812c1aaf4faf118a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 7, p 2080 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5028144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC6068932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/7/2080/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18072080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6068932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6068932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18072080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072080","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/7/2080/pdf?version=1530243320","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7122044253","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61701046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54257720","https://openalex.org/W130490334","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1549936781","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1849888654","https://openalex.org/W1868962909","https://openalex.org/W1947315943","https://openalex.org/W1984383530","https://openalex.org/W1991385629","https://openalex.org/W1996711358","https://openalex.org/W2003659262","https://openalex.org/W2006626130","https://openalex.org/W2008107235","https://openalex.org/W2008731904","https://openalex.org/W2012571621","https://openalex.org/W2028080587","https://openalex.org/W2055078769","https://openalex.org/W2064733273","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2109647201","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2130325614","https://openalex.org/W2135081536","https://openalex.org/W2137485293","https://openalex.org/W2161381512","https://openalex.org/W2225422778","https://openalex.org/W2240958991","https://openalex.org/W2268210699","https://openalex.org/W2300805302","https://openalex.org/W2304348237","https://openalex.org/W2311523351","https://openalex.org/W2401696618","https://openalex.org/W2402848971","https://openalex.org/W2523746035","https://openalex.org/W2533102868","https://openalex.org/W2581082139","https://openalex.org/W2608033390","https://openalex.org/W2611087568","https://openalex.org/W2613969491","https://openalex.org/W2622826443","https://openalex.org/W2625911391","https://openalex.org/W2667463771","https://openalex.org/W2730411900","https://openalex.org/W2736494635","https://openalex.org/W2738393865","https://openalex.org/W2739041246","https://openalex.org/W2744648763","https://openalex.org/W2752633316","https://openalex.org/W2761475327","https://openalex.org/W2765627079","https://openalex.org/W2791213331","https://openalex.org/W2799999388","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2964167669","https://openalex.org/W3021189487","https://openalex.org/W3122143620","https://openalex.org/W3154811403","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6680642933","https://openalex.org/W6683366733","https://openalex.org/W6741241831"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953234277","https://openalex.org/W2626256601","https://openalex.org/W147410782","https://openalex.org/W2900413183","https://openalex.org/W3022252430","https://openalex.org/W4390975304","https://openalex.org/W4287804464","https://openalex.org/W3103989898","https://openalex.org/W3211292372","https://openalex.org/W803346624"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"that":[1,158,175],"facial":[2],"features":[3,24,82],"contain":[4],"a":[5,17,30,39,66,110,119],"wide":[6],"range":[7],"of":[8,22,106],"identification":[9],"information":[10,161],"and":[11,46,57,95,130,186,197],"cannot":[12],"be":[13],"completely":[14],"represented":[15],"by":[16,93,192],"single":[18],"feature,":[19],"the":[20,43,47,81,85,89,104,127,132,136,144,149,159,165,178,193],"fusion":[21],"multiple":[23],"is":[25,38,114,140,155,162],"particularly":[26],"significant":[27],"for":[28],"achieving":[29],"robust":[31],"face":[32,107],"recognition":[33,189],"performance,":[34],"especially":[35],"when":[36],"there":[37],"big":[40],"difference":[41,194],"between":[42,195],"test":[44,196],"sets":[45],"training":[48,133,198],"sets.":[49],"This":[50],"has":[51],"been":[52],"proven":[53],"in":[54,122],"both":[55],"traditional":[56],"deep":[58],"learning":[59],"approaches.":[60],"In":[61],"this":[62],"work,":[63],"we":[64,117],"proposed":[65],"novel":[67],"method":[68,182],"named":[69],"C2D-CNN":[70,79],"(color":[71],"2-dimensional":[72],"principal":[73],"component":[74],"analysis":[75],"(2DPCA)-convolutional":[76],"neural":[77],"network).":[78],"combines":[80],"learnt":[83,92],"from":[84],"original":[86],"pixels":[87],"with":[88,177],"image":[90],"representation":[91],"CNN,":[94],"then":[96],"makes":[97],"decision-level":[98],"fusion,":[99],"which":[100],"can":[101],"significantly":[102],"improve":[103],"performance":[105,185],"recognition.":[108],"Furthermore,":[109],"new":[111],"CNN":[112,123],"model":[113],"proposed:":[115],"firstly,":[116],"introduce":[118],"normalization":[120],"layer":[121],"to":[124,142,148,164],"speed":[125],"up":[126],"network":[128],"convergence":[129],"shorten":[131],"time.":[134],"Secondly,":[135],"layered":[137],"activation":[138,145],"function":[139,146],"introduced":[141],"make":[143],"adaptive":[147],"normalized":[150],"data.":[151],"Finally,":[152],"probabilistic":[153],"max-pooling":[154],"applied":[156],"so":[157],"feature":[160,170],"preserved":[163],"maximum":[166],"extent":[167],"while":[168],"maintaining":[169],"invariance.":[171],"Experimental":[172],"results":[173],"show":[174],"compared":[176],"state-of-the-art":[179],"method,":[180],"our":[181],"shows":[183],"better":[184],"solves":[187],"low":[188],"accuracy":[190],"caused":[191],"datasets.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-20T08:49:12.498775","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
