{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2805598259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061867","title":"A Low-Noise Direct Incremental A/D Converter for FET-Based THz Imaging Detectors","display_name":"A Low-Noise Direct Incremental A/D Converter for FET-Based THz Imaging Detectors","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2805598259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061867","mag":"2805598259","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29880744"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18061867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061867","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/6/1867/pdf?version=1528362468","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/6/1867/pdf?version=1528362468","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022079162","display_name":"Moustafa Khatib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4211-2417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2277624104","display_name":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler","ror":"https://ror.org/01j33xk10","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Moustafa Khatib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Materials and Microsystems, Integrated Radiation and Image Sensors Group, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento 38122, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4211-2417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Materials and Microsystems, Integrated Radiation and Image Sensors Group, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento 38122, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088173332","display_name":"Matteo Perenzoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8777-1593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2277624104","display_name":"Fondazione Bruno Kessler","ror":"https://ror.org/01j33xk10","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matteo Perenzoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Materials and Microsystems, Integrated Radiation and Image Sensors Group, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento 38122, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8777-1593","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Materials and Microsystems, Integrated Radiation and Image Sensors Group, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento 38122, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022079162"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2277624104"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.396,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60498129,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"6","first_page":"1867","last_page":"1867"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10752","display_name":"Terahertz technology and applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10752","display_name":"Terahertz technology and applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11803","display_name":"Superconducting and THz Device Technology","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6773066520690918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/responsivity","display_name":"Responsivity","score":0.6014539003372192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-equivalent-power","display_name":"Noise-equivalent power","score":0.6007097959518433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.573572039604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amplifier","display_name":"Amplifier","score":0.5675981640815735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terahertz-radiation","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","score":0.5221355557441711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.45513781905174255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4493364691734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.4406780004501343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4393561780452728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/envelope-detector","display_name":"Envelope detector","score":0.4245496988296509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.32450902462005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2850867509841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2151181399822235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19078126549720764}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6773066520690918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178889773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316011","display_name":"Responsivity","level":3,"score":0.6014539003372192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123515950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3257868","display_name":"Noise-equivalent power","level":4,"score":0.6007097959518433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.573572039604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.5675981640815735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107816215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647887","display_name":"Terahertz radiation","level":2,"score":0.5221355557441711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.45513781905174255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4493364691734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4406780004501343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4393561780452728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95676537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1652250","display_name":"Envelope detector","level":4,"score":0.4245496988296509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.32450902462005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2850867509841919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2151181399822235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19078126549720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18061867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061867","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/6/1867/pdf?version=1528362468","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29880744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29880744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5e88d815087f428285194bfa1d514b55","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5e88d815087f428285194bfa1d514b55","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 6, p 1867 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4978385","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6022096","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/6/1867/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18061867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18061867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061867","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/6/1867/pdf?version=1528362468","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2805598259.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2805598259.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506097000","https://openalex.org/W1581576600","https://openalex.org/W1582910515","https://openalex.org/W1837816695","https://openalex.org/W1981214663","https://openalex.org/W1984620591","https://openalex.org/W1985964745","https://openalex.org/W1989490039","https://openalex.org/W1990745325","https://openalex.org/W1998506403","https://openalex.org/W2009795359","https://openalex.org/W2030578043","https://openalex.org/W2035497373","https://openalex.org/W2041354848","https://openalex.org/W2044929578","https://openalex.org/W2051006834","https://openalex.org/W2058989756","https://openalex.org/W2065799021","https://openalex.org/W2070364531","https://openalex.org/W2080657231","https://openalex.org/W2122202713","https://openalex.org/W2137196735","https://openalex.org/W2146385123","https://openalex.org/W2158571518","https://openalex.org/W2160489724","https://openalex.org/W2170193665","https://openalex.org/W2183155973","https://openalex.org/W2289116695","https://openalex.org/W2327875358","https://openalex.org/W2343894974","https://openalex.org/W2567208123","https://openalex.org/W2614590193","https://openalex.org/W2770938774","https://openalex.org/W4246105043","https://openalex.org/W6642676735","https://openalex.org/W6679490296","https://openalex.org/W6686153399"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045989630","https://openalex.org/W2735292717","https://openalex.org/W1590290798","https://openalex.org/W2562814441","https://openalex.org/W2911791650","https://openalex.org/W2519169206","https://openalex.org/W3163136005","https://openalex.org/W1982893865","https://openalex.org/W2068659084","https://openalex.org/W4389195320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,211],"presents":[2],"the":[3,82,98,131,145,174,179],"design,":[4],"implementation":[5],"and":[6,35,42,52,88,102,111,162,178],"characterization":[7],"results":[8],"of":[9,39,59,85,97,109,122,140,173,186,206],"a":[10,16,30,37,40,48,53,65,137,152,168,183,210],"pixel-level":[11],"readout":[12,25,103,119,157,180],"chain":[13,26,104,158,181],"integrated":[14,75,156],"with":[15,68,76,90],"FET-based":[17],"terahertz":[18],"(THz)":[19],"detector":[20,73,101,133,177],"for":[21,192,204],"imaging":[22,205],"applications.":[23],"The":[24,71,95,117,155,171,196],"is":[27,74,105,190],"fabricated":[28],"in":[29,81,107,144,209],"standard":[31],"150-nm":[32],"CMOS":[33],"technology":[34],"contains":[36],"cascade":[38,96],"preamplification":[41],"noise":[43,121],"reduction":[44],"stage":[45],"based":[46],"on":[47],"parametric":[49],"chopper":[50],"amplifier":[51],"direct":[54],"analog-to-digital":[55],"conversion":[56],"by":[57,135],"means":[58],"an":[60,77],"incremental":[61],"\u03a3\u0394":[62],"converter,":[63],"performing":[64],"lock-in":[66],"operation":[67],"modulated":[69],"sources.":[70],"FET":[72,99,132,176],"on-chip":[78],"antenna":[79],"operating":[80],"frequency":[83],"range":[84],"325\u207b375":[86],"GHz":[87],"compliant":[89],"all":[91],"process":[92],"design":[93],"rules.":[94],"THz":[100,198],"evaluated":[106],"terms":[108],"responsivity":[110],"Noise":[112],"Equivalent":[113],"Power":[114],"(NEP)":[115],"measurements.":[116],"measured":[118],"input-referred":[120],"1.6":[123],"\u03bc":[124],"V":[125],"r":[126],"m":[127],"s":[128],"allows":[129],"preserving":[130],"sensitivity":[134],"achieving":[136],"minimum":[138],"NEP":[139],"376":[141],"pW/":[142],"Hz":[143],"optimum":[146],"bias":[147],"condition,":[148],"while":[149],"directly":[150],"providing":[151],"digital":[153],"output.":[154],"features":[159],"65-dB":[160],"peak-SNR":[161],"80-\u03bc":[163],"W":[164],"power":[165],"consumption":[166],"from":[167],"1.8-V":[169],"supply.":[170],"area":[172],"antenna-coupled":[175],"fits":[182],"pixel":[184,193,199],"pitch":[185],"455":[187],"\u03bcm,":[188],"which":[189],"suitable":[191],"array":[194],"implementation.":[195],"proposed":[197],"has":[200],"been":[201],"successfully":[202],"applied":[203],"concealed":[207],"objects":[208],"envelope":[212],"under":[213],"continuous-wave":[214],"illumination.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}