{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2805833065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061798","title":"A Fog Computing and Cloudlet Based Augmented Reality System for the Industry 4.0 Shipyard","display_name":"A Fog Computing and Cloudlet Based Augmented Reality System for the Industry 4.0 Shipyard","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2805833065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061798","mag":"2805833065","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29865266"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18061798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061798","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081216987","display_name":"Tiago M. Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Caram\u00e9s","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2179-5917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11019714","display_name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/01qckj285","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tiago Fern\u00e1ndez-Caram\u00e9s","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unidade Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n Navantia-UDC, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Edificio Talleres Tecnol\u00f3gicos, Mendiz\u00e1bal s/n, Ferrol 15403, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unidade Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n Navantia-UDC, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Edificio Talleres Tecnol\u00f3gicos, Mendiz\u00e1bal s/n, Ferrol 15403, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090443440","display_name":"Paula Fraga\u2010Lamas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4991-6808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11019714","display_name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/01qckj285","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Paula Fraga-Lamas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unidade Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n Navantia-UDC, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Edificio Talleres Tecnol\u00f3gicos, Mendiz\u00e1bal s/n, Ferrol 15403, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unidade Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n Navantia-UDC, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Edificio Talleres Tecnol\u00f3gicos, Mendiz\u00e1bal s/n, Ferrol 15403, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057562929","display_name":"Manuel Su\u00e1rez-Albela","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9891-4553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11019714","display_name":"Universidade da Coru\u00f1a","ror":"https://ror.org/01qckj285","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Su\u00e1rez-Albela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Unidade Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n Navantia-UDC, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Edificio Talleres Tecnol\u00f3gicos, Mendiz\u00e1bal s/n, Ferrol 15403, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Unidade Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n Navantia-UDC, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Edificio Talleres Tecnol\u00f3gicos, Mendiz\u00e1bal s/n, Ferrol 15403, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070719736","display_name":"Miguel Montesinos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4452-0780"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Vilar-Montesinos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Navantia S. A., Astillero R\u00eda de Ferrol, Taxonera, s/n, Ferrol 15403, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Navantia S. A., Astillero R\u00eda de Ferrol, Taxonera, s/n, Ferrol 15403, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081216987","https://openalex.org/A5090443440"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11019714"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":17.9455,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":161,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99377893,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"6","first_page":"1798","last_page":"1798"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9182000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloudlet","display_name":"Cloudlet","score":0.9576212763786316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.7988252639770508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.7749972343444824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shipyard","display_name":"Shipyard","score":0.7720667719841003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6806303262710571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.47344112396240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.4592241644859314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.30854111909866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shipbuilding","display_name":"Shipbuilding","score":0.3027843236923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2978028655052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.08973285555839539}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781055072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325266","display_name":"Cloudlet","level":3,"score":0.9576212763786316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.7988252639770508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.7749972343444824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86154893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190928","display_name":"Shipyard","level":3,"score":0.7720667719841003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6806303262710571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.47344112396240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.4592241644859314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.30854111909866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65542768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474200","display_name":"Shipbuilding","level":2,"score":0.3027843236923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2978028655052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.08973285555839539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18061798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29865266","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29865266","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d0af60f84add4f7d8e26b96107a584e5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d0af60f84add4f7d8e26b96107a584e5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 6, p 1798 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4978399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6022113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/6/1798/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18061798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ruc.udc.es:2183/21097","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2183/21097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402204","display_name":"RUC (Universidade Da Coru\u00f1a)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18061798","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061798","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528821385","https://openalex.org/W1554633132","https://openalex.org/W1864914408","https://openalex.org/W1926555783","https://openalex.org/W1975139574","https://openalex.org/W1994281102","https://openalex.org/W2000346713","https://openalex.org/W2010320418","https://openalex.org/W2027622336","https://openalex.org/W2028381674","https://openalex.org/W2034000708","https://openalex.org/W2068347113","https://openalex.org/W2069452688","https://openalex.org/W2090090829","https://openalex.org/W2103294799","https://openalex.org/W2114623221","https://openalex.org/W2116262167","https://openalex.org/W2118833314","https://openalex.org/W2121078762","https://openalex.org/W2122122381","https://openalex.org/W2139361863","https://openalex.org/W2159414469","https://openalex.org/W2161210272","https://openalex.org/W2317772204","https://openalex.org/W2372094846","https://openalex.org/W2528081911","https://openalex.org/W2533402429","https://openalex.org/W2541220018","https://openalex.org/W2550191118","https://openalex.org/W2566246429","https://openalex.org/W2572361735","https://openalex.org/W2600357069","https://openalex.org/W2612985545","https://openalex.org/W2626040877","https://openalex.org/W2626074815","https://openalex.org/W2698753202","https://openalex.org/W2752575750","https://openalex.org/W2765322733","https://openalex.org/W2768174095","https://openalex.org/W2769190857","https://openalex.org/W2769430363","https://openalex.org/W2783918566","https://openalex.org/W2790452817","https://openalex.org/W2791480559","https://openalex.org/W2801085366","https://openalex.org/W2805833065","https://openalex.org/W4245419573","https://openalex.org/W6639052781","https://openalex.org/W6676409112","https://openalex.org/W6747358120"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W249169630","https://openalex.org/W2369676660","https://openalex.org/W3087194447","https://openalex.org/W1964737737","https://openalex.org/W4239413397","https://openalex.org/W3171219323","https://openalex.org/W581089217","https://openalex.org/W2386264251","https://openalex.org/W2921160989","https://openalex.org/W570385710"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Augmented":[0],"Reality":[1],"(AR)":[2],"is":[3,62,76,104,144,183,202,221],"one":[4,67],"of":[5,22,68,80,134,176,234],"the":[6,19,63,69,74,78,110,127,131,179,184,199,205,216,228],"key":[7],"technologies":[8,115],"pointed":[9],"out":[10],"by":[11],"Industry":[12],"4.0":[13],"as":[14],"a":[15,90,161,163,166],"tool":[16],"for":[17,118,195],"enhancing":[18],"next":[20],"generation":[21],"automated":[23],"and":[24,55,108,122,130,158,165],"computerized":[25],"factories.":[26],"AR":[27,59,81,100],"can":[28],"also":[29],"help":[30],"shipbuilding":[31],"operators,":[32],"since":[33],"they":[34],"usually":[35],"need":[36],"to":[37,153],"interact":[38],"with":[39,149],"information":[40],"(e.g.,":[41],"product":[42],"datasheets,":[43],"instructions,":[44],"maintenance":[45],"procedures,":[46],"quality":[47],"control":[48],"forms)":[49],"that":[50,125],"could":[51],"be":[52],"handled":[53],"easily":[54],"more":[56,222],"efficiently":[57],"through":[58],"devices.":[60],"This":[61,95],"reason":[64],"why":[65],"Navantia,":[66],"10":[70],"largest":[71],"shipbuilders":[72],"in":[73,85,89,146,174,218,232],"world,":[75],"studying":[77],"application":[79],"(among":[82],"other":[83],"technologies)":[84],"different":[86],"shipyard":[87],"environments":[88],"project":[91],"called":[92],"\"Shipyard":[93],"4.0\".":[94],"article":[96],"presents":[97],"Navantia's":[98],"industrial":[99],"(IAR)":[101],"architecture,":[102],"which":[103],"based":[105],"on":[106,109],"cloudlets":[107],"fog":[111,167,180,229],"computing":[112,137,168,181,230],"paradigm.":[113],"Both":[114],"are":[116],"ideal":[117],"supporting":[119],"physically-distributed,":[120],"low-latency":[121],"QoS-aware":[123],"applications":[124,157],"decrease":[126],"network":[128],"traffic":[129],"computational":[132],"load":[133],"traditional":[135],"cloud":[136],"systems.":[138],"The":[139,170],"proposed":[140],"IAR":[141,214],"communications":[142],"architecture":[143],"evaluated":[145],"real-world":[147],"scenarios":[148],"payload":[150],"sizes":[151],"according":[152],"demanding":[154],"Microsoft":[155],"HoloLens":[156],"when":[159,186],"using":[160],"cloud,":[162],"cloudlet":[164,200,217],"system.":[169],"results":[171],"show":[172],"that,":[173],"terms":[175,233],"response":[177,235],"delay,":[178],"system":[182,231],"fastest":[185],"transferring":[187],"small":[188],"payloads":[189],"(less":[190],"than":[191,204,223,227],"128":[192],"KB),":[193],"while":[194],"larger":[196],"file":[197],"sizes,":[198],"solution":[201],"faster":[203,226],"others.":[206],"Moreover,":[207],"under":[208],"high":[209],"loads":[210],"(with":[211],"many":[212],"concurrent":[213],"clients),":[215],"some":[219],"cases":[220],"four":[224],"times":[225],"delay.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}