{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2803585301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061690","title":"Vehicle Classification Using an Imbalanced Dataset Based on a Single Magnetic Sensor","display_name":"Vehicle Classification Using an Imbalanced Dataset Based on a Single Magnetic Sensor","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2803585301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061690","mag":"2803585301","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29794974"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18061690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061690","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/6/1690/pdf?version=1527147279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/6/1690/pdf?version=1527147279","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100653277","display_name":"Chang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3992-2179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147322","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nytyj38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210147322"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3992-2179","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147322"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019580762","display_name":"Yingguan Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147322","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nytyj38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210147322"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingguan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080080403","display_name":"Xinghe Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147322","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nytyj38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210147322"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinghe Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147322"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091707835","display_name":"Fengrong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5661-2271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147322","display_name":"Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04nytyj38","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210147322"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengrong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147322"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100653277"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147322","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":3.7635,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93865589,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"6","first_page":"1690","last_page":"1690"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6989580988883972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6686205863952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6577945947647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6373755931854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6186026930809021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","score":0.5922502875328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5430516600608826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.45054304599761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-classification","display_name":"Statistical classification","score":0.41319456696510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40545541048049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39382776618003845}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6989580988883972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6686205863952637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6577945947647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6373755931854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6186026930809021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5922502875328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5430516600608826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.45054304599761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.41319456696510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40545541048049927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39382776618003845}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18061690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061690","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/6/1690/pdf?version=1527147279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29794974","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29794974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:92c7f66511dd4bf7aa3947d3b12f9072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/92c7f66511dd4bf7aa3947d3b12f9072","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 6, p 1690 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4978472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6022199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/6/1690/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18061690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 6; Pages: 1690","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18061690","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061690","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/6/1690/pdf?version=1527147279","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2803585301.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2803585301.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163708237","https://openalex.org/W565271396","https://openalex.org/W1506600438","https://openalex.org/W1556965494","https://openalex.org/W1985258161","https://openalex.org/W2009675979","https://openalex.org/W2021805331","https://openalex.org/W2026007872","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2130344900","https://openalex.org/W2144580483","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2148264377","https://openalex.org/W2157588821","https://openalex.org/W2166314175","https://openalex.org/W2325301913","https://openalex.org/W2414050446","https://openalex.org/W2526266889","https://openalex.org/W2554670990","https://openalex.org/W2585796583","https://openalex.org/W2604878078","https://openalex.org/W2685451110","https://openalex.org/W2729318078","https://openalex.org/W3022916364","https://openalex.org/W3085162807","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W6606648299","https://openalex.org/W6730143962","https://openalex.org/W6736448451"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W148178222","https://openalex.org/W2104657898","https://openalex.org/W1948992892","https://openalex.org/W1886884218","https://openalex.org/W1910826599","https://openalex.org/W1980100242","https://openalex.org/W1968695676","https://openalex.org/W2158177428","https://openalex.org/W2069475801"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"aims":[2],"to":[3,101],"improve":[4],"the":[5,25,73,76,81,90,119,127,133,145,148],"accuracy":[6,140],"of":[7,27,121,141,147],"automatic":[8],"vehicle":[9,65,92],"classifiers":[10],"for":[11,64],"imbalanced":[12],"datasets.":[13],"Classification":[14],"is":[15],"made":[16],"through":[17],"utilizing":[18],"a":[19,59,86,138],"single":[20],"anisotropic":[21],"magnetoresistive":[22],"sensor,":[23],"with":[24,49,89,132],"models":[26],"vehicles":[28,38],"involved":[29],"being":[30,96],"classified":[31],"into":[32],"hatchbacks,":[33],"sedans,":[34],"buses,":[35],"and":[36,43,80,98],"multi-purpose":[37],"(MPVs).":[39],"Using":[40],"time":[41],"domain":[42,45],"frequency":[44],"features":[46],"in":[47,54,107],"combination":[48],"three":[50,68],"common":[51,69],"classification":[52,70,103,139],"algorithms":[53,71],"pattern":[55],"recognition,":[56],"we":[57,109],"develop":[58],"novel":[60],"feature":[61],"extraction":[62],"method":[63],"classification.":[66],"These":[67],"are":[72],"k-nearest":[74,128],"neighbor,":[75],"support":[77],"vector":[78],"machine,":[79],"back-propagation":[82],"neural":[83],"network.":[84],"Nevertheless,":[85],"problem":[87],"remains":[88],"original":[91],"magnetic":[93],"dataset":[94],"collected":[95],"imbalanced,":[97],"may":[99],"lead":[100],"inaccurate":[102],"results.":[104],"With":[105],"this":[106],"mind,":[108],"propose":[110],"an":[111],"approach":[112],"called":[113],"SMOTE,":[114],"which":[115],"can":[116,136],"further":[117],"boost":[118],"performance":[120],"classifiers.":[122],"Experimental":[123],"results":[124],"show":[125],"that":[126],"neighbor":[129],"(KNN)":[130],"classifier":[131],"SMOTE":[134],"algorithm":[135],"reach":[137],"95.46%,":[142],"thus":[143],"minimizing":[144],"effect":[146],"imbalance.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}