{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2804414979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051626","title":"Etracker: A Mobile Gaze-Tracking System with Near-Eye Display Based on a Combined Gaze-Tracking Algorithm","display_name":"Etracker: A Mobile Gaze-Tracking System with Near-Eye Display Based on a Combined Gaze-Tracking Algorithm","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2804414979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051626","mag":"2804414979","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29783738"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051626","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1626/pdf?version=1526710382","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1626/pdf?version=1526710382","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100344023","display_name":"Bin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8693-1073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178968375","display_name":"Hong Kong Chu Hai College","ror":"https://ror.org/021a2zz52","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178968375"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144662","display_name":"Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics","ror":"https://ror.org/0444j5556","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210144662"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Chu Hai College of Higher Education, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi\u2019an 710119, China","Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi'an 710119, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Chu Hai College of Higher Education, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178968375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi\u2019an 710119, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144662"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi'an 710119, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144662"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071861834","display_name":"Hong Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2246-7552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178968375","display_name":"Hong Kong Chu Hai College","ror":"https://ror.org/021a2zz52","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178968375"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Chu Hai College of Higher Education, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Chu Hai College of Higher Education, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178968375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100723776","display_name":"Desheng Wen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144662","display_name":"Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics","ror":"https://ror.org/0444j5556","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210144662"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Desheng Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi\u2019an 710119, China","Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi'an 710119, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi\u2019an 710119, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144662"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics of CAS, Xi'an 710119, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144662"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035794495","display_name":"Wai\u2010Lun Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8954-7023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178968375","display_name":"Hong Kong Chu Hai College","ror":"https://ror.org/021a2zz52","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178968375"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"WaiLun LO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Chu Hai College of Higher Education, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Chu Hai College of Higher Education, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178968375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071861834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178968375"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":3.7943,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92855922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"1626","last_page":"1626"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.9049743413925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.789971649646759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7387136220932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.7041766047477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6403688192367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6187939047813416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.5165532827377319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3543311655521393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.17070704698562622}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.9049743413925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.789971649646759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7387136220932007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.7041766047477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6403688192367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6187939047813416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.5165532827377319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3543311655521393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.17070704698562622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051626","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1626/pdf?version=1526710382","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29783738","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29783738","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4940465","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5981618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.opt.ac.cn:181661/30172","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.opt.ac.cn/handle/181661/30172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196962","display_name":"Institutional Repository of Xi'an Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Xian Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210144662","host_organization_name":"Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144662"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"\u671f\u520a\u8bba\u6587"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/5/1626/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18051626","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 5; Pages: 1626","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051626","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051626","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1626/pdf?version=1526710382","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4786561576","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UGC/FDS13/E01/17","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2804414979.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2804414979.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489725551","https://openalex.org/W1964988669","https://openalex.org/W1968361279","https://openalex.org/W1979567358","https://openalex.org/W1986291329","https://openalex.org/W2007668063","https://openalex.org/W2012591827","https://openalex.org/W2017617273","https://openalex.org/W2024285908","https://openalex.org/W2043033468","https://openalex.org/W2053652648","https://openalex.org/W2072344378","https://openalex.org/W2073845485","https://openalex.org/W2078393383","https://openalex.org/W2087277933","https://openalex.org/W2087681821","https://openalex.org/W2088696604","https://openalex.org/W2105749333","https://openalex.org/W2163852958","https://openalex.org/W2166651347","https://openalex.org/W2172836935","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2256808982","https://openalex.org/W2280277076","https://openalex.org/W2292485954","https://openalex.org/W2300990177","https://openalex.org/W2441504732","https://openalex.org/W2468114283","https://openalex.org/W2486066449","https://openalex.org/W2514817400","https://openalex.org/W2583387051","https://openalex.org/W2729649855","https://openalex.org/W2740887493","https://openalex.org/W2756166059","https://openalex.org/W2783030004","https://openalex.org/W2793506100","https://openalex.org/W2800040407","https://openalex.org/W2801353795","https://openalex.org/W3141058632","https://openalex.org/W6711844864","https://openalex.org/W6747716059","https://openalex.org/W6750685231"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2394134009","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W1971984615","https://openalex.org/W2046099857","https://openalex.org/W2806679586","https://openalex.org/W4315836311","https://openalex.org/W2393252924","https://openalex.org/W2787600244","https://openalex.org/W2186532442"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Eye":[0],"tracking":[1],"technology":[2],"has":[3],"become":[4],"increasingly":[5],"important":[6],"for":[7,64,99],"psychological":[8],"analysis,":[9],"medical":[10],"diagnosis,":[11],"driver":[12],"assistance":[13],"systems,":[14],"and":[15,40,87,92,160],"many":[16],"other":[17],"applications.":[18],"Various":[19],"gaze-tracking":[20,38,56,72],"models":[21],"have":[22],"been":[23],"established":[24],"by":[25,119],"previous":[26],"researchers.":[27],"However,":[28],"there":[29],"is":[30,81,97,158],"currently":[31],"no":[32],"near-eye":[33,61],"display":[34],"system":[35,57,140],"with":[36,59],"accurate":[37,100],"performance":[39],"a":[41,50,60,70,94,171],"convenient":[42],"user":[43,128],"experience.":[44],"In":[45,74],"this":[46,75],"paper,":[47],"we":[48,105],"constructed":[49],"complete":[51],"prototype":[52],"of":[53,111,168,173],"the":[54,77,108,134,153],"mobile":[55],"\u2018Etracker\u2019":[58],"viewing":[62],"device":[63],"human":[65,101],"gaze":[66,90,102,146,166],"tracking.":[67,103],"We":[68],"proposed":[69,106],"combined":[71],"algorithm.":[73],"algorithm,":[76],"convolutional":[78],"neural":[79],"network":[80],"used":[82],"to":[83,113,131],"remove":[84],"blinking":[85],"images":[86],"predict":[88],"coarse":[89],"position,":[91],"then":[93],"geometric":[95],"model":[96],"defined":[98],"Moreover,":[104],"using":[107],"mean":[109],"value":[110],"gazes":[112],"resolve":[114],"pupil":[115],"center":[116,155],"changes":[117],"caused":[118],"nystagmus":[120],"in":[121],"calibration":[122],"algorithms,":[123],"so":[124],"that":[125,152],"an":[126,164],"individual":[127],"only":[129],"needs":[130],"calibrate":[132],"it":[133],"first":[135],"time,":[136],"which":[137],"makes":[138],"our":[139],"more":[141],"convenient.":[142],"The":[143],"experiments":[144],"on":[145],"data":[147],"from":[148],"26":[149],"participants":[150],"show":[151],"eye":[154],"detection":[156],"accuracy":[157,167],"98%":[159],"Etracker":[161],"can":[162],"provide":[163],"average":[165],"0.53\u00b0":[169],"at":[170],"rate":[172],"30\u201360":[174],"Hz.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}