{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2802357418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051523","title":"Planetary Gears Feature Extraction and Fault Diagnosis Method Based on VMD and CNN","display_name":"Planetary Gears Feature Extraction and Fault Diagnosis Method Based on VMD and CNN","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2802357418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051523","mag":"2802357418","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29751671"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051523","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1523/pdf?version=1526046389","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1523/pdf?version=1526046389","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353374","display_name":"Chang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4806-2414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4806-2414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066755402","display_name":"Gang Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9211-1044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080589565","display_name":"Xihui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9736-9503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xihui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050050751","display_name":"Yusong Pang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8094-3436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusong Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8094-3436","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066755402"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":7.8159,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97735824,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"1523","last_page":"1523"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11062","display_name":"Gear and Bearing Dynamics Analysis","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13891","display_name":"Engineering Diagnostics and Reliability","score":0.9801999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singular-value-decomposition","display_name":"Singular value decomposition","score":0.7970016002655029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/singular-value","display_name":"Singular value","score":0.7154558300971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6775417327880859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6656572222709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5164451599121094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.5096404552459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.5026581287384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4972732365131378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.45020973682403564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.44066083431243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.42781174182891846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.4261338412761688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3983004093170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33388447761535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11012515425682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eigenvalues-and-eigenvectors","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","score":0.08615142107009888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22789450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420904","display_name":"Singular value decomposition","level":2,"score":0.7970016002655029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109282560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4166054","display_name":"Singular value","level":3,"score":0.7154558300971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6775417327880859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6656572222709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5164451599121094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5096404552459717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.5026581287384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4972732365131378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.45020973682403564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.44066083431243896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42781174182891846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4261338412761688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3983004093170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33388447761535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11012515425682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.08615142107009888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051523","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1523/pdf?version=1526046389","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29751671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29751671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:tud:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:ed3df416-e469-4ebc-b2e3-f4ac2c3e4788","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ed3df416-e469-4ebc-b2e3-f4ac2c3e4788","pdf_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:ed3df416-e469-4ebc-b2e3-f4ac2c3e4788","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, 18(5)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4940628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5982505","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e012a7c3d8d447a2a2232a95e5545d0b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e012a7c3d8d447a2a2232a95e5545d0b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 5, p 1523 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051523","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1523/pdf?version=1526046389","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4541648346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015YC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327518","display_name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2802357418.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2802357418.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W276684437","https://openalex.org/W1411733351","https://openalex.org/W1995366504","https://openalex.org/W2000982976","https://openalex.org/W2004895013","https://openalex.org/W2030649852","https://openalex.org/W2031423206","https://openalex.org/W2038753806","https://openalex.org/W2080829704","https://openalex.org/W2085856827","https://openalex.org/W2155007355","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2270657321","https://openalex.org/W2302302889","https://openalex.org/W2319957760","https://openalex.org/W2345533379","https://openalex.org/W2365322416","https://openalex.org/W2377988755","https://openalex.org/W2418607386","https://openalex.org/W2470581023","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2508076931","https://openalex.org/W2512976014","https://openalex.org/W2581694977","https://openalex.org/W2590877170","https://openalex.org/W2599672124","https://openalex.org/W2759531725","https://openalex.org/W2770536576","https://openalex.org/W2789504340","https://openalex.org/W2793164711","https://openalex.org/W2964161785","https://openalex.org/W6682849425"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319586039","https://openalex.org/W4382583540","https://openalex.org/W1607100495","https://openalex.org/W2147072251","https://openalex.org/W1990844505","https://openalex.org/W2148568324","https://openalex.org/W4386721910","https://openalex.org/W4378770618","https://openalex.org/W2164147222","https://openalex.org/W2038393145"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"local":[1,56,124],"weak":[2,125],"feature":[3,7,57,126,204],"information,":[4],"a":[5,51,66,95,143,166],"novel":[6],"extraction":[8,154,205],"and":[9,26,55,109,128,149,206],"fault":[10,81,106,140,207],"diagnosis":[11,208],"method":[12,120,155,185,200],"for":[13,210],"planetary":[14,104,195,211],"gears":[15],"based":[16],"on":[17],"variational":[18],"mode":[19,43,46,161],"decomposition":[20,24,162],"(VMD),":[21],"singular":[22,67,73,98,134],"value":[23,68,74,99,135],"(SVD),":[25],"convolutional":[27],"neural":[28],"network":[29],"(CNN)":[30],"is":[31,156,201],"proposed.":[32],"VMD":[33],"was":[34,48,63,83,111],"used":[35],"to":[36,42,78,86,190],"decompose":[37],"the":[38,79,87,118,184,191,198],"original":[39],"vibration":[40],"signal":[41],"components.":[44],"The":[45,72,113,133,151],"matrix":[47,76],"partitioned":[49],"into":[50],"number":[52],"of":[53,89,138,172,194],"submatrices":[54],"information":[58,127],"contained":[59],"in":[60,146,165],"each":[61,90],"submatrix":[62],"extracted":[64],"as":[65,102],"vector":[69,75,100,136],"using":[70,97],"SVD.":[71],"corresponding":[77],"current":[80],"state":[82,107],"constructed":[84],"according":[85],"location":[88],"submatrix.":[91],"Finally,":[92],"by":[93],"training":[94,176],"CNN":[96,168],"matrices":[101,137],"inputs,":[103],"gear":[105],"identification":[108],"classification":[110],"achieved.":[112],"experimental":[114],"results":[115],"confirm":[116],"that":[117,183],"proposed":[119,199],"can":[121,186],"successfully":[122],"extract":[123],"accurately":[129],"identify":[130],"different":[131,139],"faults.":[132],"states":[141],"have":[142],"distinct":[144],"difference":[145],"element":[147],"size":[148],"waveform.":[150],"VMD-based":[152],"partition":[153],"better":[157],"than":[158],"ensemble":[159],"empirical":[160],"(EEMD),":[163],"resulting":[164],"higher":[167],"total":[169],"recognition":[170,193],"rate":[171],"100%":[173],"with":[174],"fewer":[175],"times":[177],"(14":[178],"times).":[179],"Further":[180],"analysis":[181],"demonstrated":[182],"also":[187],"be":[188],"applied":[189],"degradation":[192],"gears.":[196,212],"Thus,":[197],"an":[202],"effective":[203],"technique":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-27T14:10:00.468798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}