{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2802195418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051447","title":"Active Sensor for Microwave Tissue Imaging with Bias-Switched Arrays","display_name":"Active Sensor for Microwave Tissue Imaging with Bias-Switched Arrays","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2802195418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051447","mag":"2802195418","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29734784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051447","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1447/pdf?version=1525685649","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1447/pdf?version=1525685649","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067557712","display_name":"Farzad Foroutan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4823-2869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farzad Foroutan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4823-2869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074701441","display_name":"Natalia K. Nikolova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0251-7743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natalia K. Nikolova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067557712"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.4069,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79839766,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"1447","last_page":"1447"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.6810244917869568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave-imaging","display_name":"Microwave imaging","score":0.48977017402648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4407200813293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","score":0.4311411380767822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.40576672554016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3232032060623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28262972831726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23360800743103027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.6810244917869568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010029","display_name":"Microwave imaging","level":3,"score":0.48977017402648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4407200813293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4311411380767822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.40576672554016113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3232032060623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28262972831726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23360800743103027}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051447","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1447/pdf?version=1525685649","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29734784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29734784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4940574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5982290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:macsphere.mcmaster.ca:11375/23435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11375/23435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402139","display_name":"MacSphere (McMaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","host_organization_name":"McMaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/5/1447/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18051447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 5; Pages: 1447","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051447","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1447/pdf?version=1525685649","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G131107220","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"06058","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4719048210","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN-2017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G88052365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EQPEQ-2015-472431","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2802195418.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2802195418.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480807351","https://openalex.org/W1515554448","https://openalex.org/W1827479982","https://openalex.org/W1911276055","https://openalex.org/W1952199784","https://openalex.org/W1971194232","https://openalex.org/W1982637519","https://openalex.org/W1989528175","https://openalex.org/W1990634755","https://openalex.org/W1998924356","https://openalex.org/W2004288581","https://openalex.org/W2022455661","https://openalex.org/W2044312023","https://openalex.org/W2045522226","https://openalex.org/W2063038653","https://openalex.org/W2071840940","https://openalex.org/W2082205811","https://openalex.org/W2094582809","https://openalex.org/W2096016047","https://openalex.org/W2103866815","https://openalex.org/W2107312180","https://openalex.org/W2117134644","https://openalex.org/W2123014679","https://openalex.org/W2123090473","https://openalex.org/W2126978877","https://openalex.org/W2127380782","https://openalex.org/W2143713733","https://openalex.org/W2160132759","https://openalex.org/W2163708173","https://openalex.org/W2197112103","https://openalex.org/W2274800609","https://openalex.org/W2288492075","https://openalex.org/W2345351050","https://openalex.org/W2476260696","https://openalex.org/W2508180565","https://openalex.org/W2567040113","https://openalex.org/W2611362746","https://openalex.org/W2620663027","https://openalex.org/W2620785879","https://openalex.org/W2743977907","https://openalex.org/W2769604985","https://openalex.org/W2805346671","https://openalex.org/W2963003007","https://openalex.org/W3030405667"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2016187641","https://openalex.org/W4404725684","https://openalex.org/W2805339068","https://openalex.org/W4246450666","https://openalex.org/W4388998267","https://openalex.org/W2898370298","https://openalex.org/W2137437058","https://openalex.org/W4321016390","https://openalex.org/W2079569137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"prototype":[1],"of":[2,21,97,112,132],"a":[3,18,31,35,44,86],"bias-switched":[4],"active":[5,22,41],"sensor":[6,29,82],"was":[7,105],"developed":[8],"and":[9,39,93,100,120,126,135],"measured":[10],"to":[11,51,70],"establish":[12],"the":[13,65,95,98,101,109,113],"achievable":[14],"dynamic":[15,110],"range":[16,111],"in":[17,43],"new":[19],"generation":[20],"arrays":[23],"for":[24],"microwave":[25],"tissue":[26],"imaging.":[27],"The":[28,61,81],"integrates":[30],"printed":[32],"slot":[33],"antenna,":[34],"low-noise":[36],"amplifier":[37],"(LNA)":[38],"an":[40],"mixer":[42,102],"single":[45],"unit,":[46],"which":[47,90],"is":[48,78,83,123],"sufficiently":[49],"small":[50,57],"enable":[52],"inter-sensor":[53],"separation":[54],"distance":[55],"as":[56,58,115],"12":[59],"mm.":[60],"sensor&rsquo;s":[62],"input":[63],"covers":[64],"bandwidth":[66],"from":[67],"3":[68],"GHz":[69],"7.5":[71],"GHz.":[72],"Its":[73],"output":[74],"intermediate":[75],"frequency":[76],"(IF)":[77],"30":[79],"MHz.":[80],"controlled":[84],"by":[85,117],"simple":[87],"bias-switching":[88],"circuit,":[89],"switches":[91],"ON":[92,119],"OFF":[94,121],"bias":[96],"LNA":[99],"simultaneously.":[103],"It":[104],"demonstrated":[106],"experimentally":[107],"that":[108],"sensor,":[114],"determined":[116],"its":[118],"states,":[122],"109":[124],"dB":[125,128],"118":[127],"at":[129],"resolution":[130],"bandwidths":[131],"1":[133],"kHz":[134],"100":[136],"Hz,":[137],"respectively.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
