{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2800366069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051446","title":"Least Squares Neural Network-Based Wireless E-Nose System Using an SnO2 Sensor Array","display_name":"Least Squares Neural Network-Based Wireless E-Nose System Using an SnO2 Sensor Array","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2800366069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051446","mag":"2800366069","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29734783"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051446","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1446/pdf?version=1525594227","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1446/pdf?version=1525594227","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063421282","display_name":"Areej Shahid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8279-4657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Areej Shahid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027028915","display_name":"Jong-Hyeok Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5758-9704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong-Hyeok Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084056592","display_name":"Abu ul Hassan S. Rana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4668-671X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abu ul Hassan Sarwar Rana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326522","display_name":"Hyun\u2010Seok Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1127-5766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyun-Seok Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1127-5766","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100326522"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":2.3041,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88137582,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"1446","last_page":"1446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10461","display_name":"Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12321","display_name":"Insect Pheromone Research and Control","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-nose","display_name":"Electronic nose","score":0.9498096704483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-array","display_name":"Sensor array","score":0.680688738822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6672711372375488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.5751742124557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methane","display_name":"Methane","score":0.49021416902542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.48900899291038513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.47630131244659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45858973264694214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4307447373867035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.428547739982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.419027715921402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.37912020087242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3328540325164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2834728956222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2408384084701538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22699540853500366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.17398923635482788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.15449252724647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.07897400856018066}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23895516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550092","display_name":"Electronic nose","level":2,"score":0.9498096704483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66251956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451086","display_name":"Sensor array","level":2,"score":0.680688738822937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6672711372375488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.5751742124557495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516920438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37129","display_name":"Methane","level":2,"score":0.49021416902542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.48900899291038513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.47630131244659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45858973264694214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4307447373867035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.428547739982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.419027715921402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.37912020087242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3328540325164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2834728956222534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2408384084701538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22699540853500366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.17398923635482788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.15449252724647522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.07897400856018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005740","descriptor_name":"Gases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005740","descriptor_name":"Gases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005740","descriptor_name":"Gases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016018","descriptor_name":"Least-Squares Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016018","descriptor_name":"Least-Squares Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016018","descriptor_name":"Least-Squares Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017971","descriptor_name":"Tin Compounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017971","descriptor_name":"Tin Compounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017971","descriptor_name":"Tin Compounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062609","descriptor_name":"Electronic Nose","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062609","descriptor_name":"Electronic Nose","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062609","descriptor_name":"Electronic Nose","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051446","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1446/pdf?version=1525594227","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29734783","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29734783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4940725","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5982671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/5/1446/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18051446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 5; Pages: 1446","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051446","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1446/pdf?version=1525594227","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2800366069.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2800366069.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1596717185","https://openalex.org/W1969780710","https://openalex.org/W1978392040","https://openalex.org/W1983097169","https://openalex.org/W1983625179","https://openalex.org/W1988831516","https://openalex.org/W1989199004","https://openalex.org/W1992879774","https://openalex.org/W1998303550","https://openalex.org/W2011416012","https://openalex.org/W2013029929","https://openalex.org/W2016126974","https://openalex.org/W2017539496","https://openalex.org/W2021504917","https://openalex.org/W2030621003","https://openalex.org/W2036791313","https://openalex.org/W2041105792","https://openalex.org/W2047501162","https://openalex.org/W2052283692","https://openalex.org/W2073573575","https://openalex.org/W2089309619","https://openalex.org/W2090647837","https://openalex.org/W2091971808","https://openalex.org/W2110592115","https://openalex.org/W2121285936","https://openalex.org/W2124721964","https://openalex.org/W2132767537","https://openalex.org/W2142411985","https://openalex.org/W2142459106","https://openalex.org/W2154561144","https://openalex.org/W2166302248","https://openalex.org/W2205584564","https://openalex.org/W2233473282","https://openalex.org/W2341012312","https://openalex.org/W2541444035","https://openalex.org/W2543960250","https://openalex.org/W2785362675","https://openalex.org/W6681306729"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371500231","https://openalex.org/W2055525282","https://openalex.org/W1984201123","https://openalex.org/W4366147034","https://openalex.org/W2357140647","https://openalex.org/W2352423764","https://openalex.org/W2770593007","https://openalex.org/W2941736642","https://openalex.org/W298970755","https://openalex.org/W2225283375"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,5,8,65,77,84,91,94,101,139],"last":[2],"few":[3],"decades,":[4],"development":[6],"of":[7,16,32,80,86,141],"electronic":[9],"nose":[10],"(E-nose)":[11],"for":[12,122,138],"detection":[13],"and":[14,18,25,50,58,116,124,129],"quantification":[15],"dangerous":[17],"odorless":[19],"gases,":[20],"such":[21],"as":[22,83],"methane":[23],"(CH\u2084)":[24],"carbon":[26],"monoxide":[27],"(CO),":[28],"using":[29,52,69,105],"an":[30,53,81],"array":[31,82],"SnO\u2082":[33],"gas":[34,96,119],"sensors":[35],"has":[36],"attracted":[37],"considerable":[38],"attention.":[39],"This":[40],"paper":[41],"addresses":[42],"sensor":[43],"cross":[44],"sensitivity":[45],"by":[46,99],"developing":[47],"a":[48,70,87,135,142],"classifier":[49,128],"estimator":[51,130],"artificial":[54],"neural":[55],"network":[56],"(ANN)":[57],"least":[59],"squares":[60],"regression":[61],"(LSR),":[62],"respectively.":[63,126],"Initially,":[64],"ANN":[66],"was":[67,97],"implemented":[68],"feedforward":[71],"pattern":[72],"recognition":[73,112],"algorithm":[74],"to":[75],"learn":[76],"collective":[78],"behavior":[79],"signature":[85],"particular":[88],"gas.":[89],"In":[90],"second":[92],"phase,":[93],"classified":[95],"quantified":[98],"minimizing":[100],"mean":[102],"square":[103],"error":[104],"LSR.":[106],"The":[107,127],"combined":[108],"approach":[109],"produced":[110],"98.7%":[111],"probability,":[113],"with":[114],"95.5":[115],"94.4%":[117],"estimated":[118],"concentration":[120],"accuracies":[121],"CH\u2084":[123],"CO,":[125],"parameters":[131],"were":[132],"deployed":[133],"in":[134],"remote":[136],"microcontroller":[137],"actualization":[140],"wireless":[143],"E-nose":[144],"system.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}