{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2800371130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051378","title":"Unsupervised Indoor Localization Based on Smartphone Sensors, iBeacon and Wi-Fi","display_name":"Unsupervised Indoor Localization Based on Smartphone Sensors, iBeacon and Wi-Fi","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2800371130","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051378","mag":"2800371130","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29710808"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051378","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1378/pdf?version=1525350273","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1378/pdf?version=1525350273","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065653013","display_name":"Jing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1673-9734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Internet of Things Technology Applications, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China","Jiangnan University, School of Internet of Thing Engineering, Wuxi 214122, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Internet of Things Technology Applications, Ministry of Education, Wuxi 214122, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangnan University, School of Internet of Thing Engineering, Wuxi 214122, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021831761","display_name":"Yi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2500-680X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangnan University, School of Internet of Thing Engineering, Wuxi 214122, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangnan University, School of Internet of Thing Engineering, Wuxi 214122, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076477306","display_name":"Wei Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1104-0959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111599522","display_name":"Jiangnan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mkzax54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangnan University, School of Internet of Thing Engineering, Wuxi 214122, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangnan University, School of Internet of Thing Engineering, Wuxi 214122, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065653013"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111599522"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":2.3701,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8902611,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"1378","last_page":"1378"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7524608373641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.7022995948791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dead-reckoning","display_name":"Dead reckoning","score":0.6744842529296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.535143256187439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5217574238777161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5082785487174988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.4722166359424591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.45204830169677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4471401274204254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4365718364715576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.4333891272544861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","score":0.4289156198501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3918626606464386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37952324748039246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3265085816383362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.31150418519973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.29515212774276733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1153826117515564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10319975018501282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07927712798118591}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7524608373641968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.7022995948791504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106165642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152255","display_name":"Dead reckoning","level":3,"score":0.6744842529296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.535143256187439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5217574238777161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5082785487174988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.4722166359424591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.45204830169677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4471401274204254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4365718364715576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.4333891272544861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.4289156198501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3918626606464386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37952324748039246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3265085816383362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.31150418519973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.29515212774276733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1153826117515564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10319975018501282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07927712798118591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051378","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1378/pdf?version=1525350273","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29710808","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29710808","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4940474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5981662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/5/1378/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18051378","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 5; Pages: 1378","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051378","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1378/pdf?version=1525350273","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2800371130.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2800371130.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2646853","https://openalex.org/W1565980524","https://openalex.org/W1577493215","https://openalex.org/W1758464101","https://openalex.org/W1893431417","https://openalex.org/W1993248935","https://openalex.org/W1994961964","https://openalex.org/W2003738415","https://openalex.org/W2005598601","https://openalex.org/W2011224697","https://openalex.org/W2041740728","https://openalex.org/W2050041763","https://openalex.org/W2051376734","https://openalex.org/W2054602086","https://openalex.org/W2108422006","https://openalex.org/W2126827071","https://openalex.org/W2127094564","https://openalex.org/W2132952395","https://openalex.org/W2136290775","https://openalex.org/W2147402755","https://openalex.org/W2154711971","https://openalex.org/W2163993204","https://openalex.org/W2166315077","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2281716152","https://openalex.org/W2343107556","https://openalex.org/W2417291942","https://openalex.org/W2464307598","https://openalex.org/W2485850820","https://openalex.org/W2608226928","https://openalex.org/W2620987706","https://openalex.org/W2738717093","https://openalex.org/W2999214452","https://openalex.org/W3183740621","https://openalex.org/W6722922568","https://openalex.org/W6798060293"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014822659","https://openalex.org/W2117826006","https://openalex.org/W1621827506","https://openalex.org/W4362496757","https://openalex.org/W2051501574","https://openalex.org/W2124627279","https://openalex.org/W2050967184","https://openalex.org/W2566091814","https://openalex.org/W2114937328","https://openalex.org/W4317418868"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,114],"this":[1,91],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,116],"propose":[4],"UILoc,":[5,115],"an":[6,94],"unsupervised":[7],"indoor":[8,26],"localization":[9,27,60,96,141],"scheme":[10],"that":[11,132],"uses":[12],"a":[13,43,98,104,110,120],"combination":[14],"of":[15],"smartphone":[16],"sensors,":[17],"iBeacons":[18],"and":[19,24,51,109,151],"Wi-Fi":[20],"fingerprints":[21],"for":[22],"reliable":[23,121],"accurate":[25,88,137],"with":[28,34,103],"zero":[29],"labor":[30],"cost.":[31],"Firstly,":[32],"compared":[33],"the":[35,38,52,58,64,70,75,80,125,133,139,148,152],"fingerprint-based":[36],"method,":[37],"UILoc":[39,72,134],"system":[40],"can":[41,135],"build":[42],"fingerprint":[44,59],"database":[45,53],"automatically":[46],"without":[47],"any":[48],"site":[49],"survey":[50],"will":[54,73],"be":[55],"applied":[56],"in":[57,147],"algorithm.":[61,113],"Secondly,":[62],"since":[63],"initial":[65,89,95],"position":[66],"is":[67,143,155],"vital":[68],"to":[69,123],"system,":[71],"provide":[74,87,136],"basic":[76],"location":[77],"estimation":[78],"through":[79],"pedestrian":[81],"dead":[82],"reckoning":[83],"(PDR)":[84],"method.":[85],"To":[86],"localization,":[90],"paper":[92],"proposes":[93],"module,":[97],"weighted":[99],"fusion":[100],"algorithm":[101,108],"combined":[102],"k-nearest":[105],"neighbors":[106],"(KNN)":[107],"least":[111],"squares":[112],"have":[117],"also":[118],"designed":[119],"model":[122],"reduce":[124],"landmark":[126],"correction":[127],"error.":[128],"Experimental":[129],"results":[130],"show":[131],"positioning,":[138],"average":[140],"error":[142,154],"about":[144],"1.1":[145],"m":[146],"steady":[149],"state,":[150],"maximum":[153],"2.77":[156],"m.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
