{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2802375262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051353","title":"All-Optical Photoacoustic Sensors for Steel Rebar Corrosion Monitoring","display_name":"All-Optical Photoacoustic Sensors for Steel Rebar Corrosion Monitoring","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2802375262","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051353","mag":"2802375262","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29702554"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051353","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1353/pdf?version=1525350061","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1353/pdf?version=1525350061","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101932247","display_name":"Cong Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4179-2836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000464466","display_name":"Jones Owusu Twumasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7687-3383"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jones Owusu Twumasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7687-3383","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059812523","display_name":"Qixiang Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7723-7052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qixiang Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069814678","display_name":"Xu Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6523-8114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007193404","display_name":"Jingcheng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9265-2556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingcheng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045315152","display_name":"Tzuyang Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7532-3574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tzuyang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100326909","display_name":"Xingwei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3436-9266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xingwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100326909"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.9635,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86903494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"1353","last_page":"1353"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12015","display_name":"Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rebar","display_name":"Rebar","score":0.9012563228607178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.8212906122207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corrosion","display_name":"Corrosion","score":0.7785539627075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corrosion-monitoring","display_name":"Corrosion monitoring","score":0.5551629662513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoacoustic-effect","display_name":"Photoacoustic effect","score":0.4380204677581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"Ultrasound","score":0.43800777196884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.4312959909439087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4310302734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.4154985845088959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3860507607460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoacoustic-imaging-in-biomedicine","display_name":"Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine","score":0.38029587268829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3745257258415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.23038294911384583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778664469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150425","display_name":"Rebar","level":2,"score":0.9012563228607178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8212906122207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20625102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137056","display_name":"Corrosion","level":2,"score":0.7785539627075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781272187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5173027","display_name":"Corrosion monitoring","level":3,"score":0.5551629662513733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163740662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187702","display_name":"Photoacoustic effect","level":3,"score":0.4380204677581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.43800777196884155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.4312959909439087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4310302734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.4154985845088959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3860507607460022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54932901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187705","display_name":"Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine","level":2,"score":0.38029587268829346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3745257258415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.23038294911384583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051353","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1353/pdf?version=1525350061","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29702554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29702554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4000082915584e1db15cdf317676c39b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4000082915584e1db15cdf317676c39b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 5, p 1353 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4940667","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5982577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/5/1353/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18051353","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 5; Pages: 1353","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18051353","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051353","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/5/1353/pdf?version=1525350061","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2802375262.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W248620254","https://openalex.org/W1972605483","https://openalex.org/W1980424947","https://openalex.org/W1989772596","https://openalex.org/W1990869010","https://openalex.org/W1993529708","https://openalex.org/W1999295438","https://openalex.org/W2016000889","https://openalex.org/W2020878287","https://openalex.org/W2046549395","https://openalex.org/W2050946852","https://openalex.org/W2081989415","https://openalex.org/W2131350071","https://openalex.org/W2194071012","https://openalex.org/W2407746226","https://openalex.org/W2508488490","https://openalex.org/W2518749498","https://openalex.org/W2587911874","https://openalex.org/W2606128329","https://openalex.org/W2738912484","https://openalex.org/W2742298553","https://openalex.org/W2794624526","https://openalex.org/W6609369233"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044596996","https://openalex.org/W2766522919","https://openalex.org/W2012822947","https://openalex.org/W4386923833","https://openalex.org/W4388497782","https://openalex.org/W2068263341","https://openalex.org/W2888078373","https://openalex.org/W4388966293","https://openalex.org/W2350127444","https://openalex.org/W1641242311"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,149],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,6,56,98],"application":[4],"of":[5,26,77,94,107,125,143],"active":[7],"all-optical":[8,134,151],"photoacoustic":[9,24,135,152],"sensing":[10,109,136],"system":[11,110,137],"with":[12,82,101],"four":[13,75,83],"elements":[14],"for":[15,156,162],"steel":[16,80,95,126,144],"rebar":[17,81,96,127,145],"corrosion":[18,70,85,142,164],"monitoring.":[19,165],"The":[20,59,105],"sensor":[21],"utilized":[22],"a":[23,78,159],"mechanism":[25],"gold":[27],"nanocomposites":[28],"to":[29,54,74,120],"generate":[30],"8":[31],"MHz":[32,115],"broadband":[33],"ultrasound":[34,57,67,102,147],"pulses":[35],"in":[36],"0.4":[37],"mm":[38],"compact":[39],"space.":[40],"A":[41],"nanosecond":[42],"532":[43],"nm":[44],"pulsed":[45],"laser":[46],"and":[47],"400":[48],"&mu;m":[49],"multimode":[50],"fiber":[51,60],"were":[52,63],"employed":[53],"incite":[55],"reaction.":[58],"Bragg":[61],"gratings":[62],"used":[64],"as":[65],"distributed":[66,163],"detectors.":[68],"Accelerated":[69],"testing":[71],"was":[72,111,130],"applied":[73],"sections":[76],"single":[79],"different":[84],"degrees.":[86],"Our":[87],"results":[88],"demonstrated":[89],"that":[90,113,132],"the":[91,108,133,141],"mass":[92,123],"loss":[93,124],"displayed":[97],"exponential":[99],"growth":[100],"frequency":[103,117],"shifts.":[104],"sensitivity":[106],"such":[112],"0.175":[114],"central":[116],"reduction":[118],"corresponded":[119],"0.02":[121],"g":[122],"corrosion.":[128],"It":[129],"proved":[131],"can":[138],"actively":[139],"evaluate":[140],"via":[146],"spectrum.":[148],"multipoint":[150],"method":[153],"is":[154],"promising":[155],"embedment":[157],"into":[158],"concrete":[160],"structure":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
