{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2797006596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041177","title":"Vehicular Visible Light Networks for Urban Mobile Crowd Sensing","display_name":"Vehicular Visible Light Networks for Urban Mobile Crowd Sensing","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2797006596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041177","mag":"2797006596","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29649149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18041177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/4/1177/pdf?version=1525348220","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/4/1177/pdf?version=1525348220","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009999444","display_name":"Barbara M. Masini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1094-1985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Masini","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-IEIIT, v.le Risorgimento, 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1094-1985","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-IEIIT, v.le Risorgimento, 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086803097","display_name":"Alessandro Bazzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3500-1997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Bazzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-IEIIT, v.le Risorgimento, 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3500-1997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-IEIIT, v.le Risorgimento, 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072538865","display_name":"Alberto Zanella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5385-0813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100607","display_name":"Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00n4jbh84","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Zanella","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNR-IEIIT, v.le Risorgimento, 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5385-0813","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNR-IEIIT, v.le Risorgimento, 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009999444"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100607"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.7123,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95386768,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"1177","last_page":"1177"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.9846243858337402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.7711418867111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.701431930065155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6189743280410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complement","display_name":"Complement (music)","score":0.43178096413612366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.41349148750305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3857632875442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3824002146720886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19529882073402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.15082529187202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.13002464175224304}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.9846243858337402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.7711418867111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.701431930065155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6189743280410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.43178096413612366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41349148750305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3857632875442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3824002146720886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19529882073402405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.15082529187202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13002464175224304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188082640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780899","display_name":"Complementation","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18041177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/4/1177/pdf?version=1525348220","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29649149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29649149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/713204","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/713204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:352039706a754fe2a97f7dabcfab2c52","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/352039706a754fe2a97f7dabcfab2c52","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 4, p 1177 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4874419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5948867","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/4/1177/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18041177","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 4; Pages: 1177","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18041177","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041177","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/4/1177/pdf?version=1525348220","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2797006596.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2797006596.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496605170","https://openalex.org/W1975885600","https://openalex.org/W1987454624","https://openalex.org/W2016795499","https://openalex.org/W2017036591","https://openalex.org/W2020859417","https://openalex.org/W2024867829","https://openalex.org/W2026829718","https://openalex.org/W2029756636","https://openalex.org/W2037405583","https://openalex.org/W2038901247","https://openalex.org/W2039646906","https://openalex.org/W2051104969","https://openalex.org/W2067310845","https://openalex.org/W2081818927","https://openalex.org/W2087045149","https://openalex.org/W2097656702","https://openalex.org/W2100303002","https://openalex.org/W2105580634","https://openalex.org/W2105935781","https://openalex.org/W2131974399","https://openalex.org/W2158594307","https://openalex.org/W2164470020","https://openalex.org/W2177134671","https://openalex.org/W2182833550","https://openalex.org/W2313503906","https://openalex.org/W2320323893","https://openalex.org/W2340793761","https://openalex.org/W2462641592","https://openalex.org/W2507228165","https://openalex.org/W2592390936","https://openalex.org/W2743928778","https://openalex.org/W2754025451","https://openalex.org/W2764360978","https://openalex.org/W2794140608","https://openalex.org/W2919260982","https://openalex.org/W3039363078","https://openalex.org/W4236444921","https://openalex.org/W6685557681","https://openalex.org/W6699038482"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2501797479","https://openalex.org/W2997630107","https://openalex.org/W3109516991","https://openalex.org/W2291056487","https://openalex.org/W2395898055","https://openalex.org/W2779101090","https://openalex.org/W2289948051","https://openalex.org/W3081944688","https://openalex.org/W3096625689","https://openalex.org/W3196531682"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Crowd":[0],"sensing":[1,130],"is":[2,131],"a":[3,62,149,158],"powerful":[4],"tool":[5,161],"to":[6,43,85,103,174],"map":[7],"and":[8,11,29,49,133,169,190,194],"predict":[9],"interests":[10],"events.":[12],"In":[13,70,116],"the":[14,51,54,67,73,81,86,90,121,136,166,170,179,188,195,198],"future,":[15],"it":[16],"could":[17,110],"be":[18,33,101,111],"boosted":[19],"by":[20,36,89],"an":[21],"increasing":[22],"number":[23,189],"of":[24,72,123,138,146,152,184,192,197],"connected":[25,40,125],"vehicles":[26,48,126],"sharing":[27],"information":[28],"intentions.":[30],"This":[31],"will":[32],"made":[34],"available":[35],"on":[37,80],"board":[38],"wireless":[39,106],"devices":[41],"able":[42],"continuously":[44],"communicate":[45],"with":[46,50,144],"other":[47,105],"environment.":[52],"Among":[53],"enabling":[55],"technologies,":[56],"visible":[57,141],"light":[58,91,142],"communication":[59,107],"(VLC)":[60],"represents":[61],"low":[63],"cost":[64],"solution":[65],"in":[66,95,113,182],"short":[68],"term.":[69],"spite":[71],"fact":[74],"that":[75,145],"vehicular":[76,140],"communications":[77,94],"cannot":[78],"rely":[79],"sole":[82,139],"VLC":[83,98,124,147,177],"due":[84],"limitation":[87],"provided":[88],"which":[92,109],"allows":[93],"visibility":[96],"only,":[97],"can":[99],"however":[100],"considered":[102],"complement":[104],"technologies":[108,171],"overloaded":[112],"dense":[114],"scenarios.":[115],"this":[117],"paper":[118],"we":[119,134],"evaluate":[120],"performance":[122,137],"when":[127,176],"urban":[128],"crowd":[129],"addressed":[132],"compare":[135],"networks":[143],"as":[148],"complementary":[150],"technology":[151],"IEEE":[153],"802.11p.":[154],"Results,":[155],"obtained":[156],"through":[157],"realistic":[159],"simulation":[160],"taking":[162],"into":[163],"account":[164],"both":[165],"roadmap":[167],"constraints":[168],"protocols,":[172],"help":[173],"understand":[175],"provides":[178],"major":[180],"improvement":[181],"terms":[183],"delivered":[185],"data":[186],"varying":[187],"position":[191],"RSUs":[193],"FOV":[196],"receiver.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}