{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2795600345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041088","title":"Parameter Estimation of Multiple Frequency-Hopping Signals with Two Sensors","display_name":"Parameter Estimation of Multiple Frequency-Hopping Signals with Two Sensors","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2795600345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041088","mag":"2795600345","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29617323"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18041088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/4/1088/pdf?version=1525347101","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/4/1088/pdf?version=1525347101","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069610209","display_name":"Le Zuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-4248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Le Zuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microwave Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-4248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microwave Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034755490","display_name":"Jin Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4994-8471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microwave Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microwave Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023139838","display_name":"Boyuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-4639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boyuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microwave Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microwave Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069610209"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711","https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.6281,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68332743,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"1088","last_page":"1088"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.6639783382415771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6390174627304077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation-theory","display_name":"Estimation theory","score":0.6180886626243591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cram\u00e9r\u2013rao-bound","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","score":0.6015579104423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5599899291992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation\u2013maximization-algorithm","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","score":0.5459555387496948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.5238680243492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5069425106048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorting","display_name":"Sorting","score":0.5044502019882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wideband","display_name":"Wideband","score":0.46795690059661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superimposition","display_name":"Superimposition","score":0.4467315971851349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sort","display_name":"sort","score":0.4386330246925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.42615997791290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36328041553497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3217804431915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.23520925641059875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.15100699663162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11452355980873108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10217276215553284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09114980697631836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.08895552158355713}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.6639783382415771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6390174627304077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.6180886626243591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.6015579104423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5599899291992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.5459555387496948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.5238680243492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5069425106048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.5044502019882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780202535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4524457","display_name":"Wideband","level":2,"score":0.46795690059661865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143874112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7643452","display_name":"Superimposition","level":2,"score":0.4467315971851349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347599","display_name":"sort","level":2,"score":0.4386330246925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.42615997791290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36328041553497314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3217804431915283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.23520925641059875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.15100699663162231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11452355980873108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10217276215553284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09114980697631836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.08895552158355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18041088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/4/1088/pdf?version=1525347101","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29617323","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29617323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2650469645da4ff0ab320b64cba5709b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2650469645da4ff0ab320b64cba5709b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 18, Iss 4, p 1088 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/89039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/89039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4874497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5949051","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/18/4/1088/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18041088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 18; Issue 4; Pages: 1088","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s18041088","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041088","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/4/1088/pdf?version=1525347101","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2795600345.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2795600345.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545302321","https://openalex.org/W1965558167","https://openalex.org/W1969960290","https://openalex.org/W1997222146","https://openalex.org/W1997623772","https://openalex.org/W2004791924","https://openalex.org/W2027526507","https://openalex.org/W2033208766","https://openalex.org/W2053337387","https://openalex.org/W2057669171","https://openalex.org/W2088370209","https://openalex.org/W2099307824","https://openalex.org/W2100868949","https://openalex.org/W2101943383","https://openalex.org/W2105408969","https://openalex.org/W2108473548","https://openalex.org/W2111855076","https://openalex.org/W2112159176","https://openalex.org/W2114079824","https://openalex.org/W2119908042","https://openalex.org/W2128083638","https://openalex.org/W2134177123","https://openalex.org/W2139122738","https://openalex.org/W2151642291","https://openalex.org/W2153956130","https://openalex.org/W2154191559","https://openalex.org/W2155555905","https://openalex.org/W2158513427","https://openalex.org/W2162442820","https://openalex.org/W2162654459","https://openalex.org/W2165224392","https://openalex.org/W2166624032","https://openalex.org/W2294649896","https://openalex.org/W2329672906","https://openalex.org/W2342784364","https://openalex.org/W2559897227","https://openalex.org/W2578056348","https://openalex.org/W2587632902","https://openalex.org/W2616834942","https://openalex.org/W2742835528","https://openalex.org/W2754295584","https://openalex.org/W2894731461","https://openalex.org/W4256245490","https://openalex.org/W6676243313"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978153144","https://openalex.org/W102848802","https://openalex.org/W2103714007","https://openalex.org/W2119037098","https://openalex.org/W2982058819","https://openalex.org/W2130734797","https://openalex.org/W2172249169","https://openalex.org/W3176361882","https://openalex.org/W2122958477","https://openalex.org/W2887053380"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"essentially":[2],"focuses":[3],"on":[4,155,175],"parameter":[5,73],"estimation":[6,147,153,172,188],"of":[7,20,34,52,105,122,195],"multiple":[8,56,143],"wideband":[9],"emitting":[10,110],"sources":[11,57],"with":[12,26,67,108,201],"time-varying":[13],"frequencies,":[14],"such":[15],"as":[16],"two-dimensional":[17],"(2-D)":[18],"direction":[19],"arrival":[21],"(DOA)":[22],"and":[23,61,96,133,141,190],"signal":[24,107],"sorting,":[25],"a":[27,50],"low-cost":[28],"circular":[29],"synthetic":[30],"array":[31],"(CSA)":[32],"consisting":[33],"only":[35],"two":[36,90,129],"rotating":[37],"sensors.":[38],"Our":[39],"basic":[40],"idea":[41],"is":[42,49,112,166,183,199],"to":[43,77,136],"decompose":[44],"the":[45,64,79,93,97,101,103,116,118,123,139,187,196],"received":[46,176],"data,":[47,157],"which":[48,158],"superimposition":[51],"phase":[53,156],"measurements":[54],"from":[55],"into":[58],"separated":[59],"groups":[60],"separately":[62],"estimate":[63],"DOA":[65,124,146],"associated":[66],"each":[68,106],"source.":[69],"Motivated":[70],"by":[71,151,169],"joint":[72],"estimation,":[74],"we":[75],"propose":[76],"adopt":[78],"expectation":[80],"maximization":[81,98],"(EM)":[82],"algorithm":[83],"in":[84,115],"this":[85],"paper;":[86],"our":[87],"method":[88,173,198],"involves":[89],"steps,":[91],"namely,":[92],"expectation-step":[94],"(E-step)":[95],"(M-step).":[99],"In":[100],"E-step,":[102],"correspondence":[104],"its":[109],"source":[111],"found.":[113],"Then,":[114],"M-step,":[117],"maximum-likelihood":[119],"(ML)":[120],"estimates":[121],"parameters":[125],"are":[126,131,149],"obtained.":[127],"These":[128],"steps":[130],"iteratively":[132],"alternatively":[134],"executed":[135],"jointly":[137],"determine":[138],"DOAs":[140],"sort":[142],"signals.":[144],"Closed-form":[145],"formulae":[148],"developed":[150],"ML":[152,171],"based":[154,174],"also":[159,167],"realize":[160],"an":[161],"optimal":[162],"estimation.":[163],"Directional":[164],"ambiguity":[165],"addressed":[168],"another":[170],"complex":[177],"responses.":[178],"The":[179,193],"Cramer-Rao":[180],"lower":[181],"bound":[182],"derived":[184],"for":[185],"understanding":[186],"accuracy":[189],"performance":[191],"comparison.":[192],"verification":[194],"proposed":[197],"demonstrated":[200],"simulations.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}